proteins

protein

a naturally occurring, unbranched polymer in which the monomer units are amino acids

α-amino acid

an amino acid in which the amino group, the carboxyl group and the hydrogen atom are attached to the α-carbon atom

nonpolar amino acid

an amino acid that contains one amino group, one carboxyl group, and a nonpolar side chain

polar neutral

an amino acid that contains one amino group, one carboxyl group, and a side chain that is polar but neutral

polar basic

an amino acid that contains two amino groups and one carboxyl group, the second amino group being part of the side chain

polar acidic

an amino acid that contains one amino group, two carboxyl group, the second carboxyl group being part of the side chain

essential amino acids

a standard amino acid needed for protein synthesis that must be obtained from dietary sources

complete dietary protein

a protein that contains all of the essential amino acids in the same relative amounts in which the body needs them

incomplete dietary protein

a protein that does not contain adequate amounts, relative to the body's needs, of one or more essential amino acids

limiting amino acid

an essential amino acid that is missing, or present in inadequate amounts, and in an incomplete dietary protein

complementary dietary proteins

two or more incomplete dietary proteins that, when combined, provide an adequate amount of all essential amino acids relative to the body's needs

Tryptopan (trp)

an amino acid that is needed for the synthesis of neurotransmitter serotonin and a natural relaxant which helps alleviate insomnia by inducing normal sleep, reduces anxiety and depression

tyrosine (tyr)

an amino acid that is a precursor of dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and promotes healthy thyroid functioning

valine, isoleucine, leucine (val, ile, leu)

an amino acid that enhances energy, increases endurance, and aid in muscle tissue recovery and repair. it also lowers blood elevated sugar levels

lysine (lys)

an amino acid that is a precursor for L-carathine and used for adequate absorption of calcium and bone development in children

methionine (met)

an amino acid that is an antioxidant that helps breakdown of fats and aids in reducing muscle degeneration as well as prevent disorders of the hair, skin, and nails

phenylalanine (phe)

an amino acid that is beneficial for healthy nervous system that may be useful against depression and suppressing appetite

alanine (ala)

an amino acid that removes toxic substances released from the breakdown of muscle protein during intensive exercise

cysteine

an amino acid that is an antioxidant and has a synergistic effect with other antioxidants such as vitamin E and selenium

glutamine (gln)

an amino acid that promotes healthy brain function and necessary for the synthesis of RNA and DNA molecules

glycine (gly)

an amino acid that is a component of the skin and is beneficial for wound healing

histidine (his)

an amino acid that is important for the synthesis of red and white blood cells, as well as a precursor for histamine which is good for sexual arousal and improve blood flow

threonine (thr)

an amino acid that helps promote equilibrium in the central nervous system and aids in balancing state of emotion

aspartate (asp)

an amino acid that helps enhances stamina, aids in removal of toxins and ammonia from the body, and beneficial in the synthesis of proteins involved in the immune system

proline (pro)

an amino acid that plays a role in intracellular signaling

arginine (arg)

an amino acid that plays a role in blood vessel relaxation, stimulating and maintaining erection in men, production of ejaculate, and removal of excess ammonia from the body

zwitterion

a molecule that has a positive charge on one atom and a negative charge on another atom but has no net charge

isoelectric point

the pH at which an amino acid exists primarily in its zwitterion form

peptide bond

formed by a biochemical reaction that extracts a water molecule as it joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a neighboring amino acid

glutathione

a peptide that is found in most living cells as antioxidant and promote tissue growth

somatostatin

a peptide that inhibits growth hormone and is used to treat ulcers

mellitin

a peptide used to treat rheumatism

vasopressin (ADH)

a peptide that enhances reabsorption of free water and plays a role in blood pressure control

bradykinin

a peptide that acts on a smooth muscle and is a hypotensive vasodilator

glucagon

a peptide that is used as an anti-diabetic and has a hyperglycemic factor

enkephalins

a peptide that is a pain killer and a neuromodulator in the brain and spinal cord; involved with pain perception, movement, mood, behavior, and neuroendocrine regulation

angiotensin ii

a peptide considered as a pressor agent that can trigger thirst or the desire for salt and is responsible for the release of ADH in the pituitary gland

endothelin

a peptide that is a potent vasoconstrictor and is structurally similar to some snake venoms

insulin

a peptide that is also a pancreatic hormone which is used in treating diabetes

coagulation

a process where denatured protein molecules tend to form large aggregates and to precipitate from solution

biuret test

a test for proteins with peptide bonds

violet

in the biuret test, a positive reaction will yield to what color change?

xanthoproteic test

a test that allows the differentiation of aromatic amino acids from non-aromatic amino acids

dark yellow or orange-colored solution

in the xanthoproteic test, a positive reaction will yield what color?

millon's test

a test used for the detection of the amino acid tyrosine

red or pink colored precipitate

in the millon's test, a positive reaction will yield to what color change?

Sullivan and McCarthy's test

a test for the detection of the amino acid methionine or methionine-containing proteins

red

in the Sullivan and McCarthy's test, a positive reaction will yield to what color change?

sakaguchi test

a test consisting of colorimetric reaction for the detection and quantification of guanidium groups and is used as a qualitative test for arginine

red

in the sakaguchi test, a positive reaction will yield to what color change?

pauly test

a test for the detection of tyrosine and histidine where the reagent couples with amines, phenols, and imidazole groups

red-colored complex

in the pauly test, a positive reaction will yield to what color change?

ehrlich test

a test for the detection of amino acid, tryptophan, in a protein sample

red to purple or blue-violet color

in the ehrlich test, a positive reaction will yield to what color change?

simple protein

a protein in which only amino acid residues are present

conjugated protein

a protein that has one or more non-amino acid entities present

derived protein

includes substances formed from simple conjugated proteins

prosthetic group

a non-amino acid group present in a conjugated protein

fibrous

protein whose molecules have an elongated shape with one dimension much longer than the others

kwashiorkor

a disease that occurs when protein deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in total calories

marasmus

a disease that occurs when calorie deprivation is relatively greater than the reduction in protein

familia CJD

a type of CJD where there is a mutation in the PRNP gene at the 200th codon, causing conversion of glutamic acid to lysine

kuru disease

a cannibalism of infected flesh like fatal familial insomnia caused by mutation of PNRP gene at the 178th codon replacing aspartic acid with asparagine

sporadic CJD

spontaneous mutation in the 129th codon of the PRNP gene causing replacement of valine to methionine

α-thalassemia

caused by decreased synthesis of α-globin chains of hemoglobin