APES Chapter 2 Test

Matter

Matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

Mass

measure of the amount of matter in an object

weight

force due to gravity on mass

weight formula

w=mass*gravity

atom

smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element

Element

substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler compenents. Can be soil, liquid or gas

molecules

particles containing more than one atom

compounds

molecules that contain more than 1 element

atomic number

number of protons

mass number

total number of protons and neutrons rounded off to a whole number

Isotopes

atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and different mass numbers as a result

Radioactive decay

spontaneous release of material from nucleus of an unstable isotope. it changes the radioactive element into a different element (parent and daughter)

half-life

time it takes for ½ of the original radioactive parent atoms to decay. Some elements emit harmful radiation during radioactive decay allows scientists to determine the length of time that a radioactive element may be dangerous.

Covalent bonds

elements that form compounds by sharing electrons between two nonmetals. these are harder to break

ionic bonds

elements that form compounds by transferring electrons from one element to another. Metals and nonmetals

Hydrogen bonds

a weak chemical bond that form when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom in another molecule

Water polar molecule

hydrogen is more positive and oxygen is more negative

cohesion

same type of molecule attracted to each other

surface tension

result from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water.

capillary action

when adhesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water

Boiling temp of water

100 degrees celsius

Freezing temp of water

0 degrees celsius

water as a sovent

many substances dissolve well in water because their polar molecules bond easily with other polar molecules

pH

way to indicate the strength of acids and bases

pH of distilled water

7

chemical reaction

occurs when atoms separate from the molecules they are a part of or recombine with other molecules

law of conservation of matter

matter can not be created or destroyed but can only change forms

Inorganic compounds

No carbon or do have carbon but have it bound to elements other than hydrogen

Organic compound

compounds that have carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

carbohydrates

composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

proteins

made up of long chains of nitrogen containing organic molecules called amino acids

nucleic acids

organic compounds found in all living cells (DNA and RNA)

Lipids

smaller biological molecules that do not mix with water (fats, waxes, steroids)

Cells

smallest structural and functional component of organisms

Energy

ability to do work (joules)

Work

force*distance (N*m or joules)

power

work/time (joules/sec or watts) rate at which work gets done

Energy

power*time

chemical energy

potential stored in chemical bonds

temperature

measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance

First law of thermodynamics

energy is neither created or destroyed

second law of thermodynamics

when energy is transformed the quantity of energy remains the same but its ability to do work diminishes.

energy efficientcy

ratio of the amount of work that is done to the total amount of energy that’s introduced into the system

energy quality

ease with which an energy source can be used for work

entropy

all systems move toward randomness rather than toward order/ randomness is always increasing in a system unless new energy from the outside of the system is added to create order

open system

exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundries

closed system

matter or energy exchanges across system countries do not occur

steady state

when input equals output

negative feedback loop

when a system responds to change by returning to its original state or at least decrease the rate of the change.

positive feedback

when a system responds to change by increasing the rate the change is occuring.

What is the pH of normal rainfall

5.65

electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum is a spectrum that represents the numerous forms that electromagnetic radiation can take depending on its wavelength.

What is energy quality

Energy quality is the ease with which an energy source can be used for work. Gasoline= high energy quality wood= low energy quality

How does energy form and amount determine what kinds of organisms can live in one place or another

The form and amount of energy available in an environment determines what kinds of organisms can live there because certain organisms may thrive in varying amounts of sunlight, heat, and water.

Are open or closed systems more common?

open

What can a systems analysis tell us?

Systems analysis can tell us what the inputs, outputs, and changes are in the system under various conditions.