IM: Select, Clauses, and Operators

SELECT

SQL QUERY: Used to list the contents of a table.

SQL Clauses

Various segments of a query that help filter data, such as SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and JOIN

WHERE

SQL QUERY: Used to select partial table contents by placing restrictions on the rows to be included in the output.

GROUP BY

SQL QUERY: Used to collect data across multiple records and group the results by one or more columns.

HAVING

SQL QUERY: Specifies conditions that filter group results, following the GROUP BY clause.

ORDER BY

SQL QUERY: Used to sort data in ascending or descending order based on one or more columns.

DISTINCT

SQL QUERY: Used with SELECT to eliminate duplicate records and fetch only unique records.

Aggregate Functions

Functions that group multiple rows' values to form a single meaningful value, such as COUNT, MIN, MAX, SUM, and AVG.

Arithmetic Operators

Operators used for mathematical operations in SQL, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus.

Comparison Operators

Operators used to compare two values, resulting in TRUE, FALSE, or UNKNOWN.

Logical Operators

Operators that return TRUE or FALSE values by combining one or more boolean values.

INNER JOIN

Combines rows from two tables based on a common field, returning all rows where there is a match.

LEFT JOIN

Returns all rows from the left table and matching rows from the right table, filling with NULLs where there is no match.

RIGHT JOIN

Returns all rows from the right table and matching rows from the left table.

FULL JOIN

Combines the results of both LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN, including rows where there are no matches.

SELF JOIN

Joins a table to itself as if it were two separate tables.

EQUI JOIN

A join that uses equality as the comparison operator.

UNION

Combines results of two or more SELECT statements while eliminating duplicate rows.

UNION ALL

Combines results of two or more SELECT statements, including duplicates.

INTERSECT

Returns records that are common to both SELECT statements.

MINUS

Returns records from the first set that are not in the second set.