unit 8 - ch. 25

Atom for Peace

Plan in which the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and United States would turn over some nuclear material for peaceful use.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

U.S. Supreme Commander turned Republican president of 1952-1960.

massive retaliation

Policy to limit the cost of military presence by using the threat of a hydrogen bomb.

CIA

United States' spy agency tasked with keeping tabs on foreign countries and engaging in secret missions for American interests.

Vietnam

Former French colony that gained independence and split into North and South regions.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam.

Ngo Dinh Diem

Pro-Western nationalist leader of South Vietnam.

Dien Bien Phu

Fortified location in Vietnam where the French faced defeat.

SEATO

Organization similar to NATO that tried to keep Communism out of Southeast Asia.

Nikita Krushchev

New Soviet leader after Stalin's death, began the process of de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union.

Suez Crisis

Egypt takes control of the Suez Canal, leading to U.S. and Soviet opposition against Britain and France.

Sputnik

The world's first space satellite, launched by the Soviet Union.

NASA

Government agency created in response to Sputnik and tasked with advancing American space efforts.

National Defense Education Act

Federal aid to improve education in science and math.

Spirit of Geneva

Perspective that the Cold War might be limited by Eisenhower and Khrushchev's engagement with each other.

de-Stalinization

Process of political reform in the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin's death in 1953.

U-2 Incident

Event where a U.S. U-2 spy plane was shot down by a Soviet rocket and its pilot captured.

JFK

35th president of the United States, became the youngest president after beating Richard Nixon in 1960 election.

Television

Technological device that broadcasted programs for people to watch.

Interstate Highway System

National system of super highways approved in 1956 to improve travel across the United States.

Billy Graham

American evangelical Christian evangelist who rose to celebrity status in 1949.

Civic religion

Concept of religious values of a nation expressed through public rituals and symbols.

Nation of Islam

Religious and political organization founded by Elijah Muhammad mixing Muslim teachings with African-American pride.

Elvis Presley

American singer and actor known as the King of Rock and Roll.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People that challenged state 'separate but equal' laws.

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court decision that declared 'separate but equal' schools violate the Constitution.

Little Rock Nine

Group of nine students who tested the integration of Central High School under hostile conditions.

Rosa Parks

African-American Civil Rights activist who sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her bus seat.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Year-long protest campaign against racial segregation on Montgomery's public transit system.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Clergy-led organization founded by Martin Luther King, Jr. to promote African-American rights.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement known for his 'I Had a Dream' speech.

Congress of Racial Equality

U.S. civil rights organization pivotal in the Civil Rights Movement, involved in 'freedom rides'.

freedom rides

Rides to test the integration of interstate bus services in the South.

James Meredith

First black student to enroll in the University of Mississippi, backed by a federal court order.

Birmingham

City where Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested during desegregation protests.

Bull Conner

Birmingham police chief who ordered the arrest of protesting children using fire hoses and dogs.

March on Washington

Event where over 200,000 Americans marched to support civil rights and listened to King's speech.

SNCC

Organization founded to help register African-Americans to vote.

Mississippi Freedom Summer

Campaign launched to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Separate Democratic delegation challenging Mississippi's regular all-white delegation.

Malcom X

American Muslim minister and human rights activist, critical of American racism and supporters of pride.