unit 8 - ch. 25

Atom for Peace

plan in which United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and United States would turn over some nuclear material for peaceful use

Dwight D. Eisenhower

U.S. Supreme Commander turned Republican president of 1952-1960

massive retaliation

policy to limit cost of military presence by using the threat of a hydrogen bomb

Central Intelligence Agency

United State's spy agency tasked with keeping tabs on foreign countries and engaging in secret missions for American interests

Vietnam

former French colony that gained independence and split into North and South regions

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem

pro-Western nationalist leader of South Vietnam

Dien Bien Phu

French faced defeat in Vietnam at this fortified location

South East Asian Treaty Organization

similar to NATO, this organization tried to keep Communism out of Southeast Asia

Nikita Krushchev

new Soviet leader after Stalin's death, begins process of de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union

Suez Crisis

Egypt takes control of the Suez Canal in order to make revenue for the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. Britain and France are angered by this action but U.S. and Soviet Union unite in opposition to them.

Sputnik

world's first space satellite, launched by the Soviet Union

NASA

government agency created in response to Sputnik and tasked with advancing American space efforts

National Defense Education Act

federal aid to improve education, especially in science and math

Spirit of Geneva

perspective that the Cold War might be limited by Eisenhower and Khrushchev's engagement with each other

de-Stalinization

process of political reform in the Soviet Union that took place after the death of head of state Joseph Stalin in 1953. The reforms consisted of changing or removing key institutions that helped Stalin hold power

U-2 Incident

a U.S. U-2 spy plane shot down by a Soviet rocket with the pilot was captured. Leads to increased tension between Khrushchev and Eisenhower

John F. Kennedy

35th president of the United States. Beat Richard Nixon in the 1960 election and became the youngest president

Television

new technological device that broadcasted programs for people to watch

Interstate Highway System

national system of super highways to approved in 1956 to improve car and truck travel across the United States

Billy Graham

American evangelical Christian evangelist who rose to celebrity status in 1949 reaching a core constituency of middle-class. He held large indoor and outdoor rallies while refusing to racially segregate revivals; his sermons were broadcast on radio and television

Civic religion

concept of religious values of a nation, as expressed through public rituals, symbols and ceremonies on sacred days and at sacred places

Nation of Islam

religious and political organization founded by Elijah Muhammad that mixed Muslim teachings with campaign for African-American separatism, pride, and self-determination

Elvis Presley

American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is often referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. His alienated look and sexuality connected with young audiences

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People that challenged state "separate but equal" laws

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court Decision that declared that "separate but equal" schools for children of different races violated the Constitution

Little Rock Nine

Nine students scheduled to test the integration of Central High School and were met with hostiles. Needed to be escorted by 101st Airborne to ensure safety

Rosa Parks

African-American Civil Rights activist who refused to give up her bus seat for whites and was arrested. Sparked the bus boycotts at Montgomery.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. Year-long refusal of African-Americans to ride the bus.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

clergy-led organization founded by Martin Luther King, Jr., promote African-American rights

Martin Luther King, Jr.

American Baptist minister and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. Helped found the SCLC an delivered the famous "I Had A Dream" speech

Congress of Racial Equality

U.S. civil rights organization that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Played a part in testing interstate transportation with "freedom rides"

freedom rides

rides to hasten the integration of interstate bus service and terminals through the South to test the Boynton v. Virginia case that declared segregation in interstate transportation was unconstitutional

James Meredith

first black to enroll in the University of Mississippi backed by a federal court order.

Birmingham

Martin Luther King Jr. began a campaign to desegregate this city and was arrested during the protest. Police used attack dogs and fire hoses on protestors

Bull Conner

Birmingham police chief that ordered the arrest of 3000 protesting children and turned fire hoses and attack dogs on the protestors

March on Washington

over 200,000 Americans marched to Washington D.C. to support the new civil rights bill and to listen to speeches at the Lincoln Memorial. Keynote address by Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Had A Dream" speech

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

organization founded by Ella Baker and John Lewis to help register African-Americans to vote.

Mississippi Freedom Summer

SNCC led campaign launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

separate Democratic delegation launched as a result of the SNCC voter registration campaign. It challenged the right of the regular all-white delegation to represent Mississippi at the 1964 Democratic Convention

Malcom X

American Muslim minister and a human rights activist and a critic of American racism. He was unwilling to adopt King's nonviolence and fostered a new sense of pride in a generation of northern African-Americans by challenging the quality of treatment of blacks