Robotics Flashcards

Flashcards reviewing key concepts in Robotics, including programming, robot operation, and software interfaces.

Programming

The methodology or steps necessary to build a program, including writing, testing, installing, and maintaining the program.

Program

A set of instructions called commands that, written in a specific syntax, result in a computer or robot performing a certain task correctly and quickly.

Programming Language

A set of symbols, words, and rules (syntax) that allows a programmer to specify the data that will be processed and stored in a computer.

Block-structured Programming Language

Languages that contain a section of code that allows a group of statements to be handled as one, focusing on programming logic.

Algorithm

A systematic and ordered set of logical steps designed to solve a specific problem or perform a specific task.

Flowchart

A graphic representation that facilitates the visualization and comprehension of an algorithm, used to efficiently design and debug solutions.

Coding

The phase where an algorithm or flowchart is translated into a specific programming language, respecting its grammar and syntax rules.

Variables

Used for storing and manipulating data to control a robot’s behavior and actions, classified into different types for different data.

Integer (int)

Whole numbers, positive or negative.

Sensors

A robot identifies its environment and sends information to the controller.

Controllers

Processes the information received from sensors and transforms it into actions.

Actuators

Mechanisms that allow the robot to communicate and interact with its environment.

Input Devices

Devices that generate input through sensors.

Processing Devices

In computers, it is the CPU; in robots, they are called controllers.

Output Devices

Actuators, motors, servomotors, LED lights, horns, etc.

Kinematics

The study of the movements of mechanisms in space and the magnitude used in displacement.

Joints

Mechanical structures that allow the movement of different parts of a robot.

Rotational Joints

Allow an angular movement, usually produced by servomotors, measured in degrees or radians.

Linear Joints

Allow displacement in only one direction, measured in units of distance.

Links

Rigid structures that give amplitude to the movements of the joints.

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

The number of independent movements a robot can have, often equal to the number of joints.

Rogic Software

An educational tool with an intuitive graphic environment using instruction blocks to build code and download it into robots.

Programming Area (Rogic)

The blue squared area in Rogic where programming is carried out by placing and nesting programming blocks.

Delete Commands (Rogic)

Area in Rogic where programming blocks are placed to be deleted.

Navigation Bars (Rogic)

Used to navigate the programming screen in Rogic.

Commands Area

The Rogic software screen has a set of commands that are useful to give the robots precise structure and instructions through programming.

Function (Rogic)

A group of orders to which we assign a name, necessary to call the function during the execution of the program.

Chips (Rogic)

Allows programming of different output interfaces in robots, declaring variables, and performing calculations.

Delay (Rogic)

Command that gives the instruction to wait for a specified time before executing the next instruction, ranging from 0.1 to 25 seconds.

While (Rogic)

Presents repeat control commands: While, Break, and Loop.

While (Command)

Evaluates a condition; if true, repeats instructions inside.

Break (Command)

Used to exit a cycle; the program control goes to the next instruction.

Loop (Command)

Orders the robot to repeat the instructions within it a specified number of times.

If Else (Rogic)

Presents programming commands that allow conditioning of the actions of a robot based on sensor input.

Sensor

A device that detects events or changes in its physical or chemical environment, measures magnitudes, and sends this information to a processor.

IR Sensor

Emits a beam of light that is interrupted or reflected by the object to be detected.

Magnetic Sensor

A pair of metallic sheets that attract each other in the presence of a magnetic field, closing the circuit.

PIR Sensor

Measures the radiated infrared light from objects in its vision field.

Tilt Sensor

Detects the inclination of an object when reaching a certain angle.

Color Sensor

Emits RGB light on objects, calculates the color coordinates, and compares them with a saved reference value.

Sequential Programming

Telling the robot, step by step, the actions that will be executed.

DC Motor

It is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, causing a rotary movement due to the action of a magnetic field.

Operating Voltage (DC Motor)

Refers to the voltage with which the motor must work.

Operating Current (DC Motor)

The amount of current required by the motor.

Speed (DC Motor)

The speed with which the motor shaft rotates, given in revolutions per minute (rpm).

Torque (DC Motor)

The force that the motor exerts on the load.

Speed Control (DC Motor)

Controlled through a PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation) signal composed by a series of pulses.

Servomotor

A continuous current motor with the ability to be controlled and kept stable in any position within its operating range, generally 180 degrees.

Delay

A function that makes the processor wait for a defined time before executing the next instruction.

LED

Light Emitting Diode consists of a semiconductor material with two terminals that emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of light when activated.

Buzzer

An electroacoustic transducer that produces a 'beep' sound, continuously or intermittently, in the same tone.

ON Command

Command used to turn on devices connected to the CPU output ports.

OFF Command

Command used to indicate the end of an action.

Tinkercad

A platform where you can make electronic circuits.

Resistors

Control the quantity of current that passes through the circuit, adjustable to different resistance values.

LED (light emitting diode) in Tinkercad

Emit light when current passes through them, available in different colors.

Pushbuttons and Switches (Tinkercad)

Used to manually control the current flow.

Arduino Microcontrollers (Tinkercad)

Small computers that can be programmed to perform specific tasks, common is the Arduino UNO.

Sensors (Tinkercad)

Detect changes in the environment, such as light, temperature, or humidity.

Cyclic Programming Structure

Also known as loop structure, it allows a set of instructions to repeat themselves several times.

Previous executions of all the instructions contained in the loop are called iterations

Loops

While Block

A conditional loop control command which allows to repeatedly execute a series of commands “while” the condition is true; this generates a loop.

Break (Operation)

Ends the repetitive cycle without analyzing the cycle’s condition

Tinkercad

Programming based on text, offers an intuitive way to program Arduino through visual code blocks

Resistors

They control the quantity of current that passes through the circuit. They can be adjusted to different resistance values

Input/Output Blocks

Programming blocks. Digital write : It sends a HIGH or LOW value to a digital pin . Example: digital write pin 0 to HIGH (turn on pin 0)

Sensors blocks - Analog Pin

i reads the value of an analog pin, which can vary between 0 and 1023 Example: read analog pin A0(read the value of analog pin A0) read analog pin

Remote control (IR)

It sends signals that can be detected by the device to be operated.

Conditional programming structures

Allow us to alter the normal sequence of steps to create two alternatives of execution blocks independent of each other, in other words, only one of the two blocks will be executed.