Chemistry Quiz #1 Flashcards

What is Matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)

• Solids

• Liquids

• Gasses

• Plasma

What are the properties of Solids?

Solids…

• Hold their own shape

• Have mass

• Take up space

What are the properties of Liquids?

Liquids…

• Take the shape of their container

• Have mass

• Take up space

What are the properties of Gasses?

Gasses…

• Spread out to fill the entire space given

• Have mass

• Take up space

What are the properties of Plasma?

• Lightning is a plasma

• Plasma is a lot like gas, but the particals are electrically charged

What are the properties of particles in solids? (list 2)

• Are packed tightly together

• Have very LITTLE energy

What are the properties of particles in liquids? (list 2)

• Are loosely packed

• Have MEDIUM energy levels

What are the properties of particles in gasses? (list 2)

• Move freely

• Have LOTS of energy

What are the properties of particles in plasma? (list 2)

• Are electrically charged

• Have EXTREMELY high energy levels

What determines the state of matter of a substance?

Energy.

Solid + Energy = ?

Adding energy to a solid causes it to become a liquid.

Example: Ice melting and becoming into water.

Liquid + Energy = ?

Adding energy to a liquid causes it to become a gas.

Example: Water evaporating and becoming water vapor.

Changing States — What are the different names for matter changing states?

• State change

• Phase change

• Physical change

What are the different kinds of state change?

Gas → Liquid: Condensation
Liquid → Solid: Freezing

Gas → Solid: Sublimation

Solid → Liquid: Melting

Liquid → Gas: Evaporation

Solid → Gas: Sublimation

What is the Particle Model?

It is a theory of how scientists think that matter is made up. It can be used to explain why matter behaves the way it does.

What are the 5 main points of the Particle Model?

1. Matter is made up of tiny particles.

2. All particles in one type of matter are the same. Different types of matter are made up of different particles.

3. The particles in matter are separated by empty space.

4. The particles in matter are in motion. Increasing the temperature increases the amount of motion.

5. The particles in matter are attracted to one another. These attractions get stronger when particles are close together.

How does the particle theory explain solids?

Observations:

• Definite shape and volume

• Can be compressed only slightly

Explanation:

Strong attractive forces hold particles in place in an orderly manner, close together.

How does the particle theory explain liquids?

Observations:

• Flows easily

• Definite volume

• No definite shape

• Can be compressed only slightly

Explanation: Weaker attractive forces allows for movement in a less orderly manner.

How does the particle theory explain gasses?

Observations:

• No definite shape or volume

• Can be greatly compressed

Explanation: Very weak forces of attraction, particles are far apart and move fast.

What are the 2 main Properties of Matter?

We use the properties of matter to help identify and classify substances

The two main properties of matter are physical properties and chemical properties

What are Physical Properties?

The characteristics that can be observed (using our senses) or measured (using equipment) during experiments.

Physical Properties that can be observed with our senses are…

Physical Properties — State of Matter

Is the substance solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature?

Physical Properties — Hardness

The ability of a solid to resist being scratched or dented.

Physical Properties — Malleability

The ability of a solid to be hammered or bent. If it bends, it is malleable. If it breaks, it is brittle.

Physical Properties — Melting Point

The temperature(s) at which a substance will change form a solid to liquid

For example, ice melts at 0 degrees Celsius.

Physical Properties — Boiling Point

The temperature(s) at which a substance will change form a liquid to a gas.

For example, water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

Physical Properties — Solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.

For example, Kool-Aid dissolves in water.

Physical Properties — Viscosity

How easily a liquid flows. The thicker a liquid, the more viscous it is.

For example, honey is viscous.

Physical Properties — Density

The amount of mass per unit of volume.

For example, the density of water is 1g/mL

Physical Properties — Crystal Form

Is the substance made up of regular patterns?

Physical Properties — Ductility

When a substance can be pulled out to form wires.

For example, copper is a ductile metal.

What are Chemical Properties?

They describe the behaviour of a substance when it reacts with another substance to become a new substance.

Chemical Properties — Combustibility

The ability of a substance to burn or explode. If a substance is combustible, it will burn (also called flammable). If a substance is not combustible, it will not burn (non-flammable).

Chemical Properties — Reaction with Acid

The ability of a substance to react with an acid. When the substance reacts, a gas may form or a colour change occurs, and a new substance is formed.

What are the 2 changes of matter classified as?

Matter can undergo changes. These changes can be classified as:

1. Physical Changes

2. Chemical Changes

What is a Physical Change

During a physical change,

• No new substance is formed

• All the substances remain the same (although they appear in a different form)

A physical change can normally be reversed.

Examples:

• Dissolving (Salt is dissolved into water)

• Change of state (Ice melts to become water)

• Expanding or crushing (Chalk is crushed into powder)

What is a Chemical Change?

When matter undergoes a chemical change,

• At least one new substance is formed

A chemical change normally cannot be reversed.

Examples:

1. A piece of paper is burned (paper becomes ash)

2. A tin can rusts (tin becomes rust)

What is the evidence for a physical change?

• Change of state

• Colour stays the same

What is the evidence for a chemical change?

• A new colour appears

• Heat or light is given off (energy)

• Bubbles of gas are formed

• A solid material (called a precipitate) formed from two liquids

• The change is difficult to reverse

What is density?

A measure of how tightly packed and how heavy the molecules are in an object; the amount of matter within a certain volume.

All substances have a unique density.

How is density calculated?

Density (p) equals mass (m) divided by volume (V)

• Mass is measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg)

• Volume is measured in millilitres (mL) or (cm³)

When mass is in kg, the volume is in L or m³

When mass is in g, the volume is in mL or cm³

What are Liquid Layers?

If you pour together liquids that don’t mix and have different densities, they will form liquid layers.

• The liquid with the highest density will be on the bottom

• The liquid with the lowest density will be on the top

Objects or substances with a HIGHER density will sink below objects or substances with a LOWER density.

Determining Density — regularly-shaped objects:

1. Find mass

2. Determine volume using appropriate formula

Determining Density — irregular shapes:

1. Find mass

2. Determine volume by measuring how much water is displaced by the object

   Volume of the water with the object subtracted by volume of the water without the object.

What is GRASP?

• Given — What is the given question?

• Required — What are you looking for/trying to find?

• Analyze — Write the formula

• Substitute and solve — Solve using the formula

• Paraphrase — Therefore…

What is electrolysis?

A process that uses electricity to break down water (H₂O) into its elements (Hydrogen and Oxygen).

What is a Hoffman Apparatus?

A piece of equipment that is used to perform electrolysis.

Oxygen is collecting on the right, and hydrogen is collecting on the left because the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water is 2:1.

The formula for water is…

H₂O

If there is no number after the element, it is the same as it being a 1. (H₂O₁).

This tells us the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water (2:1).

This formula tells us that a water molecule has more hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms.

Standard Oxygen Gas Test

Place a glowing splint into the gas…

→ Split bursts into flames (POSITIVE for Oxygen)

→ No change is seen (NEGATIVE for Oxygen)

Standard Hydrogen Gas Test

Place a burning splint into the gas…

→ The splint has a burst of flames and a loud “POP” sound is heard (POSITIVE for Hydrogen)

→ No change is seen (NEGATIVE for Hydrogen)

Standard Carbon Dioxide Gas Test

Place a burning splint into the gas…

→ The flame goes out (POSITIVE for Carbon Dioxide)

→ No change is seen (NEGATIVE for Carbon Dioxide)

Atom

A particle of a substance that cannot be broken down by physical or chemical changes.

Element