AP Statistics Unit 4 Vocabulary

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Census

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The whole entire unit 4 vocabulary.

41 Terms

1

Census

Every single person in the population.

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2

Sample survey

A Study that collects data from a sample that is chosen to represent a certain population.

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3

Convenience Sampling

Selects individuals from the population who are easy to reach.

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4

Bias

If its likely to under/over estimate the value needed.

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5

Voluntary Response Sampling

Allows people to choose to be in the sample by responding to a general invitation.

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6

Random Sampling

Involves using a chance process to determine which members of a population are included in the sample.

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7

Simple Random Sample (SRS)

A SRS of size n is chosen in such a way that every group of n individuals in the population has an equal chance to be selected as the sample.

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8

Strata

Group of individuals in a population who share characteristics thought to be associated with the variables being measured in a study.

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9

Stratified Random Sampling

Selects sample by choosing an SRS from each stratum and combining the SRSs into one overall sample.

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10

Clusters

Group of individuals in the population that are located near each other.

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11

Cluster sampling

Selects sample by randomly choosing clusters and including each member of the selected clusters in the sample.

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12

Undercoverage

When some members of the population are less likely to be chosen or cannot be chosen in a sample.

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13

Nonresponse

Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample cant be contacted or refuses to participate.

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14

Response bias

Occurs when there is a systematic pattern of inaccurate answers to a survey question.

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15

Observational study

Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses.

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16

Confounding

Occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other.

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17

Experiment

Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses.

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18

Placebo

A treatment that has no active ingredient, but is otherwise like other treatment.

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19

Treatment

A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment.

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20

Experimental unit

Object to which a treatment is randomly assgined.

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21

Subjects

Humans in an experiment.

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22

Factors

Variables that are manipulated and may cause a change in the response variable.

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23

Levels

Different levels of factors.

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24

Control group

Baseline for comparing the effects of other treatment.

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25

Placebo Effect

Describes the fact that some subjects in an experiment will respond favorably to any treatment even an inactive treatment.

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26

Double Blind

Neither subjects nor those interact with them and measure the response variable will know which treatment a subject received.

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27

Single Blind

One person whether its the person receiving or giving the treatment dont know who is getting the treatment.

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28

Random Assignment

Experimental units are assigned to treatments using a chance process.

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29

Control

Keeping other variables constant for all experimental units.

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30

Replication

Using enough experimental units to distinguish a difference in the effects of the treatment from chance variation due to the random assignment.

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31

Completely Randomized Design

The experimental units are assigned to the treatments completely by chance.

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32

Block

Group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments.

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33

Randomized Block Design

The random assignment of experimental units to treatments is carried out separately within each block.

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34

Matched Pairs Design

Experimental units are paired by similarity and the two treatments used are randomly assigned in each pair.

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35

Sampling Variability

Refers to the fact that the random samples from the same size produces different estimates. (just because a study proved something, doesnt mean its true for all)

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36

Statistically Important

When observed results of a study are too unusual to be explained by chance alone. (having a cause and effect, NOT by chance)

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37

Random Selection

Helps bias and produces reliable estimates about a study.

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38

Random Assignment

Helps ensure two groups of subjects are as alike as possible before the treatments are imposed.

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39

Institutional Review Board

Ensures safety and nature of a study. Not to decide if a study will produce valuable data.

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40

Informed Consent

Informing the subjects before hand about the nature and risk of the study. Written consent is required. (time consumption and emotional risk)

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41

Confidentiality

Protects individual’s privacy. This doesn’t mean anonymity. Anonymity is rare. Confidentiality allows follow up in nonresponse or to inform results.

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