11BIO UNIT 1: Diversity of Living Things

Biodiverisity

The number and variety of species and ecosystems on earth

genetic diveristy

the genetic variability (dna differences) among organisms of the same species

species diveristy

the number and variety of each species

structural diveristy

the variation of size, shape, distribution of individuals within an ecosystem

benefits of high biodiverisity

more sustainible, more niches filled, consistent food supply, natural beauty

threat to biodiversity, habitat loss

species might die if they cannot adapt to new environment (causes eg. forest fires, pollution, forest fires)

threat to biodiversity, over exploitation

relentless consumption, not enough for species’ survival (causes eg. overhunting, over fishing)

threat to biodiversity, pollution

chemicals released into atmosphere, poisoning organisms (causes eg. extraction, manufacturing)

threat to biodiveristy, invasive species

non-native species establish in new habitats, disrupting natural balance. can bring diseases and take over (if it doesn’t have predators). displaces local species causing extinction/lower population

threat to biodiveristy, climate change

statistical change in weather patterns over long periods of time. causes unpredicatble changes, organisms can’t survive confitions

fundamental unit to acsess biodiversity

the “species”

biological species concept

organisms capable of breeding freely with eachother under natural conditions and producing fertile viable offspring

limits of biological species concept

asexual reproduction, hybridization, fossils cannot mate, species seperated geographically

hybridization

when 2 species form a 3rd species

morpholgical species concept

organisms that share similar morphology

morphology

the study of physical appearance and characteristics

limits of morphological species concept

individuals of same species can exhibit variations by colour, size, shape, sexual dimorphism

phylogenetic species concept

organisms that share a common ancestor, family history based on DNA

limits of phylogenetic species concept

evolutionary history is not always known for all species. difficult to obtain DNA samples from extinct organsims

taxonomy

the science of classifying (naming/identifying) all living and extinct species

4 ways to identify organsims

morphology, behaviour, gerographical location, genetics

binomial nomenclature

to simplify and ensure consistancy, each species has its own unique name (Genus capitilized, species lowercase, all in italics)

Carl Linnaeus

father of taxonomy, introduced binomial nomenclature and genra

genra

Linnaeus grouped species based on morphological characteristics

dichotomus key

series of branching, 2 part statements used to identitfy organsisms

traditonal 7 taxa

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

modern 8 taxa

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

domain

organisms grouped based on phylogenetics

3 domains

Domain bacteria, domain archaea, domain eukarea

domain bacteria

consits of kingdom bacteria

domain archaea

consists of kingdom archaea

domain eukarea

consists of kingdom planae, kingdom fungi, kingdom anamilia, kingdom protista

6 kingdoms of life

archaea, bacteria, protista, fungi, anamilia, plantae (alex believed princess fiona ate poorly)

prokaryotes

kingdom archaea, kingdom bacteria

eukaryotes

kingdom plantae, kingdom anamilia, kingdom fungi, kingdom protista

meaning of prokaryote

before nucleus

prokaryote discovery date

3.5 BYA

size of prokaryote cell

0.1 - 10 um

are prokaryotes multi or unicellular

unicellular

dna location in prokaryotes

nucleoid region

dna sturcture in prokaryote

1 circular chromosone

reproduction of prokaryote

asexual

oxygen requirement of prokaryote cells

anaerobic or aerobic

cell wall in prokaryote cells

usually present, chemically complex, can be covered by a capsule

flagella in a prokaryote

simple, 2 protien building blocks

plasma membrane in prokaryote

no carbohydrates, lack cholesterol

meaning of eukaryote

true nucleus

eukaryote discovery date

1.5 BYA

size of eukaryote

10 - 100 um

are eukaryotes multi or unicellular

multicellular

location of dna in eukaryote

nucleus

dna sturcture in eukaryote

many linear chromosones

reproduction of eukaryote

sexual or asexual

oxygen requirement in eukaryotes

aerobic

cell wall in eukaryotes

chemically simple if present

flagella in eukaryotes

complex

plasma membrane in eukaryotes

carbohydrates and cholesterol present, serve as receptors

anaerobic

doesn’t use oxygen

aerobic

requires molecular oxygen to get oxygen from organic molecules

autotroph

synthesizes their own organix compounds

photoautotroph

uses light (photosynthesis) to form new organic compounds

chemoautotroph

uses chemical compounds to form new organic compounds

heterotroph

obtains energy molecules from consuming other organisims, cannot synthesize their own organic compounds

peptidoglycan

substance in cell walls of bacteria, gram stain purple if present (positive), pink stain if not present or an outer capsid covering wall

asexual reproduction

identical offspring produced

sexual reproduction

non-identical offspring produced

phlogeny

the science of evoltionary relatedness among species

evolution

theory that explains the changes of species overtime and their shared ancestory

phylogenetic tree

diagram depicting evolutionary relatedness between dfifferent species

cladogram

shows hypothesises of evolutionary hustory based on shared characteristics

clade

taxonomic group including a single common ancestor and its decendants

cellulose

complex carbs in plants

chintin

complex carbs in fungi

peptidoglycan

protien/carb combo in bacteria

glycoprotien

protien/carb combo in archae

are anamalia eukaryotic or prokaryotic

eukaryotic

are anamalia uni/multicellular

multicellular

are anamalia aerobic/anaerobic

aerobic (use cellular respiration)

can animals move

yes, they’re motile

do animals reproduce sexually or asexually

sexually

are anamalia heterotrophic or autotrophic

heterotrophic

how do animals gain nutrients

internal digestion

germ layers

layers of undiferentiated cells in a developing embryo that will eventually specialize into true tissue

parazoans

organisms with 1 germ layer, lack true tissue

metazoans

organisms with 2+ germ layers, have specialize tissue

phylum porifera (how many germ layers)

1 germ layer; lack true tissue

phylum cnidaria and ctenophora (how many germ layers)

have 2 germ layers

ectoderm

the outer germ layer (skin, nerve tissue, sensory organs)

mesoderm

middle germ layer (muscles, blood, reproductive organs)

endoderm

inner germ layer (lungs, liver, bladder)

gastrulation

development of germ layers

blastula stage

1 germ layer - a hallow ball of cells

symmetrical

a balanced body plan

assymetrical

irregular body plan

radial symmetry

balance aroiund the central axis

bilateral symmetry

balance along the midline

coelom

fluid filled cavity, the main bosy cavity that contains and holds organs in place

acoelomate

lacks coelom, the simplest organisms. the internal organs are held in place by layers of tissues

coelomates

has a full coelom that is surrounded by mesoderm and lined with a peritoneum that formed from the mesoderm

pseudoceolomates

have an intermediate coelom that is partially surroinded by mesoderm