endocrine system

function of endocrine system

regulation of slow or ongoing processes

• reproduction

• development

• growth

• metabolism

where are hormones secreted?

secreted into blood, circulated throughout body

hormones can affect how many targets? how?

can affect multiple targets: targets have receptors for hormone

hormones are effective at high or low concentrations?

low concentrations

hormones are broken down rapidly or slowly to terminate signal?

broken down rapidly

what are the endocrine structures that produce hormones?

glands

organs and other structures

what are the organs and other structure that produce hormones?

heart

liver

kidney

stomach

small intestine

ovaries

testes

placenta

hypothalamus function

regulates release of hormones from pituitary

what kind of hormones are delivered to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus? what delivers them?

releasing and inhibiting hormones delivered to anterior pituitary by portal system

the hypothalamus has ___ connections to posterior pituitary

neural

what does the posterior pituitary release?

oxytocin

vasopressin (ADH)

function of oxytocin

uterine contraction, milk ejection

function of vasopressin (ADH)

water retention at kidney

what does the anterior pituitary release?

tropic hormones

hormones with direct effects on targets

tropic hormones

stimulate hormone release from other structures

examples of tropic hormones

TSH

ACTH

LH

TSH

promotes hormone release from thyroid gland

ACTH

promotes hormone release from adrenal cortex

LH

promotes hormone release from ovaries and testes

examples of hormones with direct effects on targets

growth hormone

prolactin

growth hormone

bone and muscle growth; breakdown of fat

prolactin

milk production

what does the thyroid release?

T3 and T4

where are T3 and T4 produced?

produced by follicles in thyroid gland

what do T3 and T4 contain?

iodine

T3 and T4 function

boost metabolic rate

what does the pancreas release?

insulin

glucagon

where is insulin produced?

produced by beta cells in Islets of Langerhans

insulin function

lowers blood glucose to resting levels

why is insulin released?

released in response to high blood glucose

where is glucagon produced?

produced by alpha cells in Islets of Langerhans

glucagon function

raises blood glucose to resting levels

why is glucagon released?

released in response to low blood glucose

what does the adrenal medulla release?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

epinephrine and norepinephrine function

boost sympathetic response; action

when is epinephrine and norepinephrine released?

released in response to physical and psychological stress

what does the adrenal cortex release?

aldosterone

cortisol

aldosterone function

raises blood Na+

cortisol

raises blood glucose

suppresses inflammatory response

when is cortisol released?

released in response to physical and psychological stress

what does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

melatonin function

promotes sleep in diurnal animals

promotes wakefulness in nocturnal animals

when is melatonin released?

released at night

what does adipose tissue relaese?

leptin

leptin function

suppresses appetite

increases metabolic rate

what do the kidneys release?

erythropoietin

erythropoietin function

increases erythrocyte production