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Where is generative AI valuable

Where is generative AI valuable

-repurposing code bases
-database query support
-gisting databases
-natural language translation

what is an alternative phrase or automated content generation?

anonymized blather

what 2 major characteristics define the WWW?

-HTTP protocol
-HTML language

what are 4 advantages of the WWW?

-open architecture
-platform/media independence
-web-compliant browser support
-unidirectional hyperlinks

2 elements of hypertext invented by Nelson in 1965

Node and links

In the 1960s, Nelson said that network-bases information sharing system must have which 7 things?

-support for hyperlinks
-must store media in any form or arrangement
-files must be able to hold commentaries
-files must be dynamically modifiable
-files must be retained in version-controlled environments
-element links must be bi-directional
-organization of data must support non-linearity

what is the limitation the web places on network links?

[WRITE HERE]

according to Doug Engelbart, what is needed to overcome the limitations of the web?

a tool that focuses on universal knowledge base

URN vs URL? Which does the WWW use?

WWW uses URLs. A URL is a resource locator. A URN is a resource name

In 2022, Google settled with forty states for $391.5 million. What was the charge against Google?

Google was charged with misleading users about the location tracking features in its services

The 2022 court settlement was based upon a 2018 expose by the Associated Press. What did the AP document in their expose?

Google services were still tracking users locations even when the location history setting was turned off

What explanation did Google offer to justify the behavior documented by the Associated Press in 2018?

Google claimed the tracking was for improving user experience, such as for recommendations and other features and that users had other ways to control their data collection.

Where is GPT bad?

content generation

What specific protections are there for personal privacy in the U.S. Constitution?

none

According to Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas in Griswold v. Connecticut, any implied Constitutional guarantees of personal privacy would have to be found buried somehow in ________?

Justice Douglas noted that any implied constitutional privacy rights would have to be found with the "penumbras" or zones of the Bill of Rights.

In 2023 the Department of Justice filed a second suit against Google for what crime?

Anticompetitive practices in its online advertising business, that seeks to force google to divest parts of its business (Creating a monopoly)

In 2022 the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee published a report on competition in digital markets that listed several examples of illegal activities by online companies. List 2 of them.

-Online platforms favoring their own products/services over competitors
-Acquistions of smaller competitors to maintain or extend market dominance

The 2022 House Report identified 3 common problems attributed to the four online platforms Google, Amazon, Apple and Facebook. What were they?

-Monopoly power
-Self Preferencing
-Exploiting market power to harm innovation

The author lists 9 questionable business practices of Google that resulted from the recent international litigations. List 4 of them.

-Anticompetitive practices
-Blocking competition
-Maintaining a monopoly
-Misleading customers/breaking contracts

What was the term that pioneers of modern economics Adam Smith and David Riccardo used to describe the business practices of which Google and the other online platform providers were accused in recent international courts.

Rent seeking

What is the best-selling book that provides a backdrop to this article?

The Wisdom of Crowds

The article contrasts our experience with two categories of "online crowds/" What are they?

-Wise crowds
-Madness of crowds

The author gives three reasons why he is averse to assign any inherent value to groups. What are they?

-Groupthink
-Banality of crowds
-Manipulability of crowds

James Surowiecki holds that there are three necessary conditions for wise crowds. List them.

-Diversity
-Independence
-Particular kind of decentralization

What does the author of the article say about the three necessary conditions for wise crowds/groups?

-Diversity - Online environments tend to create echo chambers where diversity of opinion is reduced

-Independence - Social media encourages herd behavior

-Particular kind of decentralization - Online platforms highly centralized, powerful influencers/algorithms direct group behavior

What does convergence theory have to say about the behavior of crowds over time?

Over time groups will converge toward "conditions of similarity"—that is, differences will diminish

List two twentieth-century scholars who held that crowds tend to be less rational and intellectual than their smartest members.

-Gustave Le Bon
-Sigmund Freud

The author discusses one common feature of all crowds. What is it?

A common focus

The author lists three debilitating features of crowds. What are they?

-Emotionality
-Herding
-Loss of individual responsibility

What feature of crowds seems to explain crowd's willingness to accept disinformation, fake news, unsupported claims, conspiracies, etc.?

Herding

The author claims that some crowds can exhibit sagacity but only when _______________.

They maintain diversity of opinion, independence of thought, and decentralization

What is the thesis that the author labels naïve crowd psychology?

crowds are inherently wise and capable of consistently making better decisions than individuals

Jaron Lanier: the use of the term "wisdom" in the context of crowds is analogous to Adam Smith's use of the term ____________________in the context of markets.

Invisible hand

Why doesn't the success of the Delphi method of forecasting confirm the wisdom of crowds?

The Delphi method incorporates mechanisms to prevent problems that arise in unstructured group decision making

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where wiki contributors try to inject self-serving, malicious, defamatory disinformation into a record or narrative?

Wiki vandalism

According to the author, what do wikis excel at?

Documenting settled knowledge - information is well established, widely accepted, and relatively uncontroversial.

What does our recent experience with social media demonstrate?

online platforms often exacerbate irrational, emotional, and impulsive behavior in crowds rather than fostering meaningful dialogue or collective wisdom

The article reports ample evidence for three dark, anti-social features of online crowds: List them 4.

-Herd behavior
-Amplification of disinformation
-Mob like behavior
-Loss of accountability

The Payeck GPS starter interrupt system is used for what purpose?

Used by lenders as a means of enforcing timely payments for car loans. Lender can remotely disable car starter

The label that the author uses to describe the irrational belief in the security of a computing/network system that was not build around a robust security model.

Faith based security

What vehicle telematics component was exploited by the FBI in operation G-Sting?

Onstar system

Why did the Ninth Circuit Court rule that the Operation G-Sting convictions were illegal?

OnStar wiretapping and surveillance represented an egregious violation of a corporate term of service under current law

What type of computer appliances are "never optimal for security-sensitive applications?"

RF appliances

What is the name of the tool developed by Samy Kamkar to run replay attacks against keyless entry systems?

OwnStar

(T / F) The use of rolling code algorithms defeat replay attacks against keyless entry systems

False

What is Samy Kamkar's program that offers replay attacks for RF based keyless entry systems that use rolling codes?

RollJam

What information is in principle accessible to Black Box OBD devices?

Diagnostic data, vehicle speed, engine performance, brake usage, seatbelt status, airbag deployment, gps location data

Which is more vulnerable to hacking, a modern mobile phone or an modern automobile's computer system?

Modern automobile

What is disinformatics?

The study of misinformation

How is disinformation used?

Influence public opinion, sow confusion and distrust, divide and polarize groups, etc.

What is unknowledge?

Deliberately created or disseminated false information

Jeff Colgan lists several warning signs of democratic erosion. List 3 of them

-Media intimidation and restrictions
-Silencing of political opposition
-Significant increase in internal security forces

What constitutes success to a disinformatician? Give 3 examples

-Widespread belief in false narratives
-Sowing distrust in legitimate sources
-Manipulating behavior or decision making

According to computer scientist Peter Denning, an academic discipline is defined by 4 hallmarks. What are they?

-Durable domain of human concerns
-Codified body of principles
-Codified body of practices and standards for competence
-Ethics and practice

Why does the addition of disinformation (fake news, alt-facts, etc.) prevent the collective knowledge from reaching equilibrium?

It introduces falsehoods into the information ecosystem

What is the popular netizen refrain regarding trolling?

Don't feed the trolls

How does the article define "online trolling"?

Anonymously interrupting normal and customary information exchange in order to lure the recipient into reacting to the message

How is online trolling different from other interference technologies like signal jamming, network blocking, network filtering, etc.?

Anonymity and pathological allure

What is one of the main goals of trolling?

Trolling attempts to either engage or inflame the receiver, usually through misinformation, lies, distortions

Trolling is a part of the Internet's ________________ space.

Cultural

List two examples of pedestrian online trolling

-Hit and run posting
-shitposting

Define kakistocracy

Rule by the least competant

Define pathrocacy

Rule by a maladjusted minority, primarily psychopaths and narcissist

List five different types of trolling defined in the article:

-Provocation trolling
-Social engineering trolling
-Partisan trolling
-Snag trolling
-Sport trolling

Why is online trolling so effective at manipulating public opinion?

It so easily escapes detection by the uninitiated

List and explain the 4 categories of trolling stimulus & response.

Provocative Trolling:

• Stimulus:

  Posting deliberately offensive or inflammatory content, often targeting sensitive topics like race, religion, or politics, to incite anger or strong reactions.

• Response:

  Heated arguments, personal attacks, and potential escalation of conflict within the discussion thread.

2. Disruptive Trolling: 

• Stimulus:

  Intentionally derailing a conversation by posting off-topic comments, irrelevant information, or spam to distract from the main discussion point. 

• Response:

  Frustration, confusion, and a sense of wasted time as the conversation loses focus and direction. 

3. Flamebaiting:

• Stimulus:

  Making exaggerated or controversial claims designed to provoke strong negative reactions and encourage users to engage in heated arguments with each other.

• Response:

  A "flame war" where users aggressively debate and attack each other, often leading to personal insults and further escalation. 

4. Concern Trolling:

• Stimulus:

  Pretending to be concerned or supportive of a group or cause while subtly undermining their arguments or positions with veiled criticism, often using a seemingly polite tone.

• Response:

  Feeling dismissed, gaslighted, or like their concerns are not being taken seriously, potentially leading to self-doubt within the targeted group.

In what 3 ways does the social media communication model move beyond earlier rectified asymmetrical email/text messaging?

1) a media-rich, mixed reality environment
2) trivially scalable from individuals and memberships to dynamically created, autonomous groups of arbitrary sizes
3) an infrastructure that replicates, or at least approximates, in-person group dynamics

How does the article describe how social media transformed communication?

it moves communication into the realm of immersive experience

Provide three (3) examples of disrupting technologies.

-Firearm
-TV
-The cloud

The article provides several "downsides" of social media. List three (3).

-Intellectual distraction
-Loss of privacy
-Subversion of intellectual property regulation

The article claims that one inherent feature of social media has been both widely appreciated by users and also underappreciated by social scientists and scholars. What is this feature?

The scalability of social media

The article gives three reasons why social media exchanges (as virtual exchanges) tend to encourage anti-social behavior. List two (2).

-Anonymity
-Lack of face to face interaction

List two mock reality psychology studies discussed in the article.

-Milgram experiment
-Stanford prison experiment

What did the Milgram experiment attempt to measure?

The willingness of participants to blindly follow the instructions of authority figures, even when the instructions involved potential acts of harm to human subjects

What did the Stanford prison experiment attempt to measure?

The effects of situational and contextual variables on human behavior

What did the Carnahan and McFarland experiment attempt to measure?

The impact of situational factors on human behavior

What was the important observation that Hannah Arendt made about the Nazi Holocaust?

Situational contexts are sometimes powerful enough to induce apparently normal, stable individuals to engage in abnormal, immoral, or criminal conduct

Give three examples that would confirm Jaron Lanier's claim that social media brings out the worst in some people.

-Cyberbullying and shaming
-Doxing
-Trolling

The author claims that in addition to being a mock psychology testbed, social media is also a global, unsupervised experiment in what?

Naïve crowd psychology

What is the "lock-in" network effect?

An environment where there are strong disincentives to stop or switch services

The author offers an alternative social media model. What is it?

Trusted social networks

The author describes five characteristics of an ideal communication platform for use in soliciting memberships in anti-social causes (e.g., insurrections). What are they?

-Unique messaging capability
-Geographical transparency
-Interactive, bidirectional, multimedia capable, and participatory
-Support idea-reinforcing "thought swarms"
-Continuous availability

What are the "five Ds" of sociopathy?

-disinformation
-deception
-dishonesty
-delusion
-duplicity

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, what does "post truth" mean?

Relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.

List three categories of "fake news" (excluding satire)

-Propaganda
-Clickbait
-Misinformation

What news services can help expose fake news?

-Snopes
-FactCheck.org
-PolitiFact

What was the "unanimous agreement" relating to Generative AI mentioned in the article?

The government needs to intervene to avert the potential pitfalls of the evolving technology

What did H.L. Menken mean by bloviation?

Pompous, verbose, and empty speech

According to the author, what is deceptive about generative AI?

It produces content that can seem credible but is inherently prone to error, bias, or misinformation

According to the author, if society is to deal with generative AI's automated bloviation, it must deal with a fundamental question. What is that question?

How would one prepare oneself to recognize these signatures?

What would be an appropriate internet comparison to the author's "hypothetical online allinclusive digital media library"?

Google or youtube

What are the three situations that arise when one extracts information from the Internet (aka the "hypothetical online all-inclusive digital media library")?

-Accurate and Relevant Information: The content is factual and useful.

-Misinformation: The information is inaccurate or false, leading to confusion or manipulation.

-Disinformation: Deliberately misleading content meant to deceive users, often for political or social manipulation.

According to the author, "history has shown that spontaneously generated nonsense and disinformation have a definite, measured, and predictable influence on people who have what characteristics?

Low or negative cognitive inertia

According to the author, what is the political effect of "disinformedia?"

Disinformedia is used to spread false or misleading narratives, often by political actors, to shape public opinion, distort facts, and undermine trust in institutions

Which of the following represents the higher order problem: "semantic entropy" or "communication entropy"?

Semantic entropy

Why does semantic entropy represent a higher order problem than communication entropy?

The most critical "errors" are already present in the data and only compounded through subsequent communication.

Where may society look for the best hope of cultivating skills that will be effective in recognizing the disinformation that results from generative AI?

Education

List three characteristics or topics will be required of any educational environment to deal effectively with disinformation

-Critical thinking
-Media literacy
-Digital literacy

Is STEM education the best hope for cultivating skills that will be effective in recognizing the disinformation that results from generative AI?

No, not by itself

What DOES Bill Bishop mean by the "big sort?"

The increasing social, cultural, and political self-segregation in American society