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The Headright System
A system developed in the 1618 in Virginia to attract settlers by granting land to individuals who paid for their passage.
Bacon’s Rebellion
A 1676 revolt in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against colonial governor William Berkeley, highlighting class tensions and the desire for land.
King Philip’s War
A conflict (1675-1676) between New England colonists and Native American groups led by Metacom (King Philip), resulting in significant casualties on both sides.
Market Revolution
A dramatic change in the economy during the 19th century, characterized by increased manufacturing, transportation advancements, and the rise of a market-oriented economy.
Mill Girls
Young women who worked in textile mills in the early 19th century, often from rural areas seeking independence and wages.
American System
An economic plan proposed by Henry Clay in the early 19th century that aimed to strengthen the national economy through high tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.
Second Great Awakening
A Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century that emphasized individual piety and social reform.
Transcendentalism
A philosophical movement in the 1830s and 1840s that emphasized the inherent goodness of people and nature, advocating for self-reliance and nonconformity.
Missouri Compromise
An agreement made in 1820 to maintain the balance of free and slave states, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
The Cherokee Cases
A series of legal cases (notably Worcester v. Georgia) in the early 1830s concerning the rights of the Cherokee Nation in Georgia.
Nativism
A political movement in the 19th century favoring the interests of native-born residents over those of immigrants.
Cult of Domesticity
A 19th-century ideology that espoused the virtues of women as homemakers and moral guardians of the family.
Spoils System
The practice of a political party giving government jobs to its supporters as a reward for their loyalty.
Pet Banks
State banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive the deposit of federal funds, particularly during Andrew Jackson's presidency.
Nullification Crisis
A political crisis in the early 1830s where South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs, leading to a confrontation with the federal government.
Monroe Doctrine
A U.S. policy established in 1823 stating that European powers should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
Second Middle Passage
The internal slave trade in the U.S. during the 19th century, involving the forced migration of enslaved people from the Upper South to the Deep South.
Paternalism
A policy or practice of managing or governing individuals with a paternalistic approach, often seen in the context of slavery.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
A slave rebellion led by Nat Turner in 1831 in Virginia, resulting in the deaths of many and severe repercussions for the enslaved population.
Frederick Douglass
An escaped slave who became a prominent abolitionist, orator, and writer, advocating for the rights of African Americans.
The Grimké Sisters
Sarah and Angelina Grimké were early activists for abolition and women's rights in the 19th century.
Dorothea Dix
An advocate for the mentally ill who played a significant role in reforming mental health care in the 19th century.
Seneca Falls
A significant women's rights convention held in 1848, which produced the Declaration of Sentiments advocating for women's suffrage.
Temperance Movement
A social movement aimed at reducing or prohibiting the consumption of alcohol, prominent in the 19th century.
Colonization Societies
Organizations in the early 19th century that promoted the migration of free African Americans to Africa.
Moral Suasion
A tactic used by abolitionists that aimed to persuade individuals to renounce slavery through moral arguments rather than force.
Gag Rule
A rule passed by the U.S. House of Representatives in the 1830s to prevent discussion of anti-slavery petitions.
Bazaars and Sanitary Fairs
Fundraising events during the Civil War to support troops, featuring goods, crafts, and food to raise money for healthcare and supplies.
Manifest Destiny
The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the United States across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.
Mexican-American War
A conflict from 1846 to 1848 between the U.S. and Mexico that resulted in significant territorial gains for the United States.
Gold Rush
The mass migration to California in 1849 after gold was discovered, leading to a surge in population and economic growth.
Compromise of 1850
A set of laws passed to resolve disputes over slavery, admitting California as a free state and allowing slavery in some territories.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
An 1854 law that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing settlers to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty.
Popular Sovereignty
The principle that the authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, typically expressed through voting.
Bleeding Kansas
A series of violent political confrontations in 1854-1859 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas.
1850 Fugitive Slave Act
A law that required the return of escaped enslaved people to their owners, heightening tensions between North and South.
The Whitmans
Missionaries who traveled to Oregon Country in the 1830s, known for their efforts to convert Native Americans.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
An 1857 Supreme Court decision that ruled African Americans were not citizens and that Congress could not regulate slavery in the territories.
Attack on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia
An 1859 raid led by John Brown aimed at initiating a slave revolt, which ultimately failed and led to his capture.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
A series of debates in 1858 between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas focused on the issue of slavery in the territories.
Declarations of Secession
Statements made by Southern states declaring their withdrawal from the Union prior to the Civil War.
Fort Sumter
The site where the first shots of the Civil War were fired in April 1861, signaling the start of the conflict.
First Battle of Bull Run
The first major battle of the Civil War, fought in July 1861, which ended in a Confederate victory.
Radical Republicans
A faction within the Republican Party during and after the Civil War that advocated for the immediate abolition of slavery and equal rights for freed slaves.
Navajo Long Walk
The forced removal of the Navajo people from their land in 1864, resulting in a long and difficult journey to a reservation.
Sand Creek Massacre
An 1864 incident in which Colorado U.S. Army troops attacked a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho, killing many, including women and children.
Emancipation Proclamation
An executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that declared the freedom of all enslaved people in Confederate-held territory.
King Cotton diplomacy
The Confederate strategy during the Civil War to leverage its cotton exports to garner support from European nations.
Homestead Act
A law passed in 1862 that granted land to settlers for a small fee in exchange for a commitment to improve the land.
Ex Parte Mulligan
An 1866 Supreme Court case that ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were open.
Gettysburg Address
A famous speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
Thirteenth Amendment
The constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that abolished slavery in the United States.
Juneteenth
Celebration on June 19th commemorating the emancipation of enslaved African Americans in the United States, marking the day when news of the Emancipation Proclamation reached
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