Stats terminology

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30 Terms

1

Statistics

methods used to measure certain aspects of nature and quantify their uncertainty and test hypotheses about them

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2

Population

The group of interest

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3

Sample

Subset/section of the population

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4

Sample Unit

subjects/replicates; individuals or groups that make up the population

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5

Parameter

a quantity associated with a population

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6

Estimation

inferring an unknown quantity of a population from a sample

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7

Sampling error

the difference between the estimated value and the true parameter value

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8

Precision

Having a low sampling error

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9

Bias

a systematic difference between the estimates and the true parameter value

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10

Accuracy

Having low bias

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11

Random sample

  • has an equal chance of being sampled

  • independent

  • reduce bias

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12

Sample of Convenience

a sample of individuals that are easily accessible to the researcher

  • biased

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13

Volunteer Bias

systemic difference between the pool of volunteers and the population to which they belong

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14

Variable

a characteristic that varies among individuals

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15

Data

Raw measurements of values of one or more variables from the individual in a sample

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16

Categorical Variables

Define membership in a group

  • male/female

  • size class

  • Nominal or ordinal

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17

Nominal

no order to the categories

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18

Ordinal

order but no magnitude

  • egg, larvae, juvenile, subadult, adult

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19

Numerical Variables

quantitative measurements of magnitude

  • Continuous or Discrete

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20

Continuous

can take any real number value

  • temperature

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21

Discrete

only take integer values

  • number of offspring

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22

Hypothesis testing

determining how well a hypothesis about the population parameters fits the data from a sample

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23

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

hypothesis stating no change

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24

Experimental Studies

researcher assigns a random treatment to each individual

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25

Observational Studies

researcher has no control over which units fall into which groups

  • can only determine associations

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26

Explanatory

a change that predicts or affects the other variable

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27

Response variable

affected by the explanatory variable

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28

Probability distribution

distribution of a variable in the whole population

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29

Normal Distribution

theoretical probability distribution

  • symmetrical bell

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30

Skew

measures whether data are symmetrical or spread out to one side

  • Right/Left skew → side with longer tail

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