Platelets + cancer

thrombocytopenia

decrease platelets

thrombocytosis

increase platelets

5 steps of hemostasis

vasoconstriction

platelet plug formation

blood coagulation

clot retraction

clot dissolution

intrinsic pathway

stimulated by tissue damage from internal injury

• atherosclerosis

extrinsic pathway

stimulated by trauma to a blood vessel from external injury

• laceration

common pathway

intrinsic + extrinsic pathways lead to this where prothrombin converts into thrombin (building blot of clot)

normal lab for D-dimer

< 0.5 mg/L

normal lab for aPTT

30-40 sec

normal lab for PT/INR

1

hemophilia A

genetic disorder caused by a lack of factor 8

• decreases clotting ability

Hemophilia B (Christmas disease)

genetic disorder caused by a lack of factor 9

• decreases clotting ability

von Willebrand disease

A hereditary disorder that involves decreased VW factor + factor 8

vit k def

at risk for immature liver

immune thrombocytopenic purpura

autoimmune disorder in children <5 following viral illness

antiphospholipid syndrome

venous/arterial thrombotic events in the presence of persistent antiphospholipid antibodies

factor 5 leiden mutation

mutation resulting in increased thrombotic risk

disseminated intravascular coagulation

potential to cause thrombosis + hemorrhage r/t abnormal coagulation + fibrinolysis

adenoma

benign tumor occurring in the lining of glandular tissue/organ

carcinoma

malignant epithelial cells that line inner + outer surfaces

adenocarcinoma

cancer of the glandular/ductal tissue

sarcoma

cancer of mesenchymal origin

• CT

• cartilage

• bone

leukemia

cancer of WBC

lymphona

cancer of lymph node + tissue

TNM system

T = tumor

N = lymph node

M = metastasis

differentiation

extent that neoplastic cells resemble normal cells

anaplasia

lack of differentiation indicating total cellular disorganization, abnormal cell appearance + cell dysfunction

benign

well-differentiated tumors that remain localized, cohesive + well-demarcated from surrounding tissue

malignant

tumors that range from well-differentiated to poorly-differentiated + are invasive + destructive to surrounding tissue

metastasis

malignant cancer cells that lack adhesion to the tumor mass + break free + travel to other parts of the body via lymphatic + bloodstream

paraneoplastic syndrome

unexpected pathological disorder provoked by the presence of cancer in the body

cachexia

progressive loss of body fat + lean body mass from cancer with associated symptoms of profound weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite + anemia

anemia

caused by decreased RBC production with chronic tiredness, SOB + pallor

neutropenia

low neutrophil count <1,500

thrombocytopenia

decreased platelets <150,000

bone pain

caused by excessive proliferation of neoplastic cells inside bone marrow

lymphadenopathy

excessive proliferation of abnormal lymphocytes (in lymph nodes)

splenomegaly

excessive proliferation of lymphocytes (spleen)

hepatomegaly

excessive proliferation of lymphocytes (in liver)

abdominal feeling of fullness

enlarged spleen (pressure on stomach)

unintentional weight loss

decreased appetite cause

fever, chills

hypermetabolic state resulting from constant neoplastic cell production

myelodysplastic syndrome

def. of all blood cell types

• all/part of bone marrow hematopoiesis is dysfunction + ineffective

multiple myeloma

malignant neoplasm of plasma cells that infiltrate bone