DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Phagocytosis

Cell engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia around it

Pinocytosis

Vesicles form around a liquid

Receptor-mediated

Receptor proteins on the surface capture molecules

Substrate feeding

Animals that live on or in their food source

Bulk feeding

Ingesting large chunks of food

Fluid feeding

Sucking fluids from a living host to feed on

Suspension feeding

Animals that strain particles from water

Intracellular digestion

Breaking down complex food into simple forms inside the cell. Animals without a digestive tract usually have this. Lysosomes and vacuoles play key roles in this process.

Extracellular digestion

Food particles are broken down chemically into smaller components outside the cell or onto the digestive system space

Incomplete digestive tract

Only has one opening that both eats and excretes waste.Also known as gastrovascular cavity.

Complete digestive tract

Has two openings, a mouth and an anus. Has a tubelike cavity called gastrointestinal tract.

Digestive system adaptations

Length of cecum depends on the specific diet of an organism.

Pancreas

Produces hormones insulin and glucagon which regulate blood glucose levels.Secretes pancreatic juice into the small intestine that help with absorbing nutrients.

Liver

Produces bile

Gallbladder

Stores bile

Bile

Greenish-yellow fluid that breaks down fat into droplets

Acid reflux

Occurs when stomach acid goes back up the esophagus. Antacids neutralize the acidity

Constipation

Hard to poop. caused by lost of peristalsis (ability to push bolus down intestine), dehydration, starvation, anxiety

Diarrhea

Loose, watery stool caused usually by viruses

Peptic ulcer

Open sore in lining of stomach or intestine. Caused by bacterial infection

Colon cancer

Cancer found in the colon

Hemorrhoids

Swollen veins in the lower anus which can cause painful defecation and bleeding.

Hepatitis

Liver inflammation caused by viral infection.

Appendicities

inflammation of the appendix, often requiring surgical removal.