Biology Lecture on Membrane Proteins and Metabolism

This set of flashcards covers key concepts and facts related to membrane proteins, metabolic pathways, and cellular processes from the lecture notes.

What is a molecule that contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic qualities?

Amphipathic

What type of proteins exist on the inner surface of the membrane?

Integral proteins

What are five functions of proteins?

a. Transport b. Enzymatic activity c. Signal transduction d. Cell-cell recognition e. Intercellular joining

What are channel proteins examples of in terms of membrane proteins?

Facilitated diffusion transport proteins

Which membrane protein converts ADP to ATP?

ATP synthase

Membrane proteins that interact with the signaling molecules and cause changes to occur within the cell carryout which function

Signal transduction

Proteins that have sugar side-chains which serve as ID tags are called ___?

Glycoproteins

This kind of membrane of protein allows cells to attach to one another and allows the creation of tissue to form individual cells.

Intercellular joining

Simple diffusion is when small molecules can cross the cell membrane based on the ___ of the cell.

Concentration gradient

Which of the following forms of diffusion do not require energy input.

Simple diffusion and Facilitated diffusion

Facilitated diffusion required which kind of membrane protein for substances to enter or exit the cell?

Channel proteins

Active transport differs from facilitated transport because it ___ (select 2)

a. Requires energy input (ATP) b. Moves substances against their concentration gradient

Which of the following two processes are examples of bulk transport? (select 2)

Large molecules, like polysaccharides and proteins, cross the membrane in bulk by means of vesicles; Water and small solutes enter or leave the cell through the lipid bilayer or by means of transport proteins.

Building proteins from amino acids is an example of which metabolic pathway.

Anabolic pathway

Breaking down proteins into amino acids is an example of which metabolic pathway?

Catabolic pathway

Energy is defined as

The capacity to cause change.

Work is defined as

Movement of matter against opposing forces such as gravity and friction.

In a ___ system, energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings.

Open system

In a ___ system energy exchange with surroundings cannot occur.

Closed system

Living things are examples of __ systems

Open systems

Entropy is best described as

As a measure of molecular disorder.

Which of the following describes an increase in entropy?

Every transfer or transformation increases entropy; spontaneous processes occur without energy input.

Which of the following describes a decrease in entropy?

Nonspontaneous processes lead to a decrease in entropy; energy must be supplied.

Enzymes are often proteins that work on reactants known as ___

Substrates

After an enzyme has worked on a reactant, it turns the reactant into __

Products

Enzymes are considered __ because they speed up chemical reactions

Catalysts

Enzymes lower ____ without being consumed to make a reaction occur

Activation energy.

___ is an example of a non-selective catalyst

Heat.

Non-competitive inhibitors slow down enzyme activity by __

They bind to a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape.

Competitive inhibitors stop enzyme activity by ___

They bind to the active site, preventing the substrate from binding.

For the enzyme subtract complex to form, a substrate must bind to an enzyme’s ___

Active site

Cofactors are often non protein molecules that do which of the following

help carry out processes that are difficult for amino acids

Assist enzymes in their catalytic activity

Coenzymes are ___ carbon containing cofactors.

organic.

Which cell type is diploid?

Somatic cells.

Which cell type is haploid?

Gametes (sperm and egg cells).

When chromosomes are harvested and organized from largest to smalled for diagnostic purposes, we call the resulting image a ___

Karyotype.

The G0 phase of cell division is also referred to as __

The resting phase (cells are not dividing).

Which step of the cell cycle takes up 90% of the total processes of cell division?

Interphase.

Before cell can divide, it must replicate its ___, this occurs in the __ phase

It must replicate its DNA in the S phase.

Cyclins and CDKs help signal to cells the progression of ___

the cell cycle.