clas test 1

who were the mycenaeans

indo-europeans who migrated to greece, earliest greek speakers, interacted with the minoans, palace culture, cultural collapse - written greek language disappears for 300 years

what was linear b

designed for non-indo-european language, syllabary, deciphered, used by myceneans

what happened during the archaic period

greek city states grew, phoenician alphabetic writing adapted to greek - vowels invented, earliest prserved poetry

poets during the archaic period

homer and hesiod

what happened in the classical period

500-323, persian wars to alexander, rise of athens as a cultural center, development of drama, historiograpjhy, oratory, philosophy, written archives of epic, drama exist alongside oral culture

key figures during the classical period

aeschylus, euripedes, aristophanes, herodotus, plato

what happened during the hellenistic period

323-30 bce, division of greek world after alexander, ptolemies create museum, library in alexandria, interest in antiquity, collecting books, textual scholarship, rise of poet-scholars

key poet-scholars during the hellenistic period

callimachus, apollonius

rome

conquers much of greece, augustus makes Achaea a province, roman poets adopt many greek forms n myths, meanwhile greeks continue to write under roman rule

key roman poets

catullus, horace, propertius, naevius, ennius, vergil

greek writers under roman rule

apollodorus, diodrus siculus, pausanias, plutarch

homer

oral-formulaic compositon, unique hybrid dialect, author of the Iliad and the Odyssey

the iliad

described events during the final year of trojan war

the odyssey

describes odysseus’ journey home after the war

who was hesiod

boetian from ascra, wrote theogony and works and days

theogony

describes the genealogy of the gods

works and days

didactic poem including frming advice, myth wisdom

homeric hymns

multiple anonymous authors, 33 hymns to specific deities, including 4 long ones, oral formulaic style, homeric dialect

hesiod's creation

poets and muses: archilochus

the inscription of mnesipes (200s bce)

archolochus, lyric poet, 600 bce

unintentionally traded a cow for poetic abilities

what is chaos in hesiod's creation

chaos/Chaos, chasm

an enormous gap/space/an absence and from that gap other things arrive

who comes from chaos

gaia, tartarus, eros, erebus, night

who is gaia

Earth Mother, wife of Ouranos, mother of the Titans

tartarus

a dark place under the earth, underworld, deep below us

eros

love, desire, lust

erebus

darkness

erebus and night mate to give birth to

aether, day

gaia first gives birth to

ouranos

as an equal, to have a companion

ouranos

the sky, male partner of gaia, holy marriage of earth and sky

ouranos + gaia boys

oceanus, coeus, crius, hyperion, iapetus, kronos

ouranos + gaia girls

theia, rhea, themis, mnemosyne, phoebe, tethys

how does ouranos feel abt his kids

he hates them and he hides them away, back into the earth

the cyclopes

children of gaia and ouranos,

names: brontes, steropes, arges

one eyed

hidden awya

hecatonchires

children of gaia and ouranos

100 handers, sometimes described with 50 heads

horrifying and monstrous

names: cottus, briareus, gyes

ouranos tries to put them back into gaia

gaia upset, emo and physically, by this

children of night

doom, fate, death, sleep, and the tribe of dreams, blame, distress, the fates, nemesis, strife, fondness, old age

who are the fates

clotho, lachesis, atropos

how and who and why was ouranos castrated

adamant sickle, invented by gaia, creates to get revenge against ouranos, kronos takes the sickle and says he will do the vengeance against his father, he cuts the genitalia off of ouranos and throws them into the sea

what is created from ouranos' blood drops

the erinyes (furies), giants, meliai, aphrodite

birth of aphrodite

born from foam from ouranos' genitalia, aphros "foam", names: cyrthera cytherea, cyprus cyprogenes, cypris, medea "genitals", meide-"smile"

cronos and rhea

now king and queen (siblings), have children (The gods), have a prophecy that cronos's fate his that his son will overthrow him just as he did to his father. he swallows his kids after their birth

cronos and rhea's kids

hestia, demeter, hera, hades, poseidon, zeus

how does zeus overthrow kronos

zeus is hidden by rhea in a cave, she gives kronos a stone to eat in place of zeus, when he reaches maturity, zeus tricks kronos into throwing his siblings up

titanomachy

machos "battle"

titans vs gods

fight for 10 years

gods win

zeus king of heaven now

gigantomachy

after titan war, gaia is now against the gods and she no longer wants zeus to be in charge

battle of gods vs giants

typhonomachy

typhoeus

typhon

enormous monster that had a real shot at overthrowing zeus

a dragon w 100 snake heads

zeus strikes typhoeus w an adamantine sickle

kingship in heaven

1. ouranos

2. cronos

3. zeus

4. almost typhoeus

- zeus remains king of the gods

- patriarchal

- remember gaia came first before all these men

songs of kumarbi

succession of kings in heaven

alalu, anu (alalu cupbearer), kumarbi (alanu son), tessub,

alalu

first king of heaven, overtaken by anu

anu

served alalu for 9 years, defeated alalu after challenging him, anu king now

kumarbi

son of alanu, serves anu, kumarbi challenges anu, anu flees, kumarbi catches him and bites anu's genitals off and swallows them. eating the balls made him pregnant with anu kids.

tessub

One of the offspring from when Kumarbi swallows Anu's genitals. Possibly overthrows Kumarbi

siblings: tasmisu, sauska (ishtar)

represents a new generation of gods and will become the new king

Ea

mesopotamian god of wisdom

who is ulikummi

monster created by kumarbi

means "the destroyed of tessub's home base"

how is ulikummi born

kumarbi has sex with a cliff, cliff gives birth to ulikummi

how does kumarbi hide ulikummi

intalls him on the shouldr of ubellirir - the giant who holds up the universe

how do the gods learn about ulikummi

the sun sees him growing and is scared, tells tessub that a monster is growing out of the ocean, tessub starts crying, sauska tries to seduce ulikummi but it doesnt work cause ulikummi cant see her, they defeat ulikummi with Ea's help. they cut ulikummi off ubelliri's shoulder and tessub and siblings seem to win

iapetus + clymene children

atlas

prometheus

epimetheus

menoetius

who is atlas

titan that holds up the sky

what does prometheus represent

forethought

what does epimetheus represent

afterthought

what happened to menoetius

blasted by zeus' lightning bolt for his hubris

what is mekone

the site of the 1st sacrifice, with gods on one side and humans on the other

what did prometheus do at mekone

he tried to play a trick on zeus, when dividing the sacrifced ox he puts the useless bones on the humans side and the good stuff from the ox on the god's side, but he places ox stomach upon the good stuff, making it look bad and the hide of the ox over the bones making it look good, disguising it to look as if the humans got the good side and the gods received the bad side.

how does zeus react to prometheus's trick at mekone

he loves punishing people, so he goes along with prometheus' trick so he can punish humanity.

how does zeus punish humanity after prometheus's trick

he creates pandora

who is pandora

the first woman created by zeus to punish humanity

who is pandora given to and what does she have

she is given to epimetheus as a 'gift' from zeus with a pithos (jar)

What is Works and Days about?

a poem framed as life advice towards Perses, Hesiod's brother

who was part of pandora's creation in works and days

hepheastus, athena, aphrodite, and hermes

what did each god contribute while creating pandora

hepheastus gave voice, shape, face

athena gave clothes and skill

aphrodite gave grace, longing, sorrow

hermes gave her character and speech

did prometheus warn epithemeus to not accept any gifts from zeus

yes, but he accepted pandora anyways

what is pandora not supposed to do

open her pithos

what does pandora do with her pithos and what happens

she takes the lid off and all of the bad things in life come out of the jar, which is why people have to work. and only one thing remaids in the jar: Elpis "hope"

how many ages of humankid in hesiod

five ages

genos - age, generation, race

what was the first age and what was it like

the gold age

kronos sitll king - pre-zeus

best age, no working, earth bore fruit on its own = no labour, social harmony, ppl never grew old, when died it was like overcome by sleep

then the earth covered and they disappeared, and these humans are now spirits and they judge us and see if we are good or bad (santa?)

what was the second age and what was it like

silver

worse than golden age

childhood lasted for 100s of years and then short adulthood

there were social problems; arrogance, hubris, overbearing

zeus hid them under the earth

they are the blessed

what was the third age and what was it like

bronze

worse than silver

these humans were violent, barbaric - war like

they carry ashen spears and come from ash trees - the meliai

didnt eat bread = no agriculture

tools of bronze, no iron

destroyed themselves in the violence

left no name

what was the fourth age and what was it like

age of heroes

demigods - offspring of mortals x immortals

valiant in war, like bronze but more positive

the trojan war in this period

zeus sent some to the isle of the blessed and this is where kronos rules

this age was made up by hesiod

what was the fifth age and what was it like

the iron age

hesiod is writing from the iron age

everythign is toil, we have to work

first law men - aidos: personification of modesty and shame

book of daniel

biblical book, describes babylonia, argues the same story of the metals, both hesiod and the writers of this are getting this idea from the same, probably persian source,

story in the book of daniel

king nebuchadnezzar's dream describes a statue, the head was gold , the chest and arms were silver, its midsection and thighs were brone, its legs of iron, its feet a mix of iron and clay

prophecy: nebuchadnezzar is the head of gold, after him will arise an inferior kingdom to his, a third kingdom of bronze, and a fourth kingdom of iron

ovids creation story

his version of chaos is all of the elements in disorder, meaning the process of creation is ordering things

god - or nature itself.- composed the strife and separated the sky from land, the sea from the shore, the heavens from the atmosphere.

once everything was put into harmony, the world was created

ovids ages of humankind

gold

silver

brass

iron

ovid's gold age

ruled by cronos

no seasons, laws, work, war, commerce

ovids silver age

zeus takes charge

seasons, housing now necessary

ovids brass age

warlike

ovids iron age

violence, deceit

sailing, commerce, property

mining, weapons

relationships degrade

where was zeus born

crete

who guarded zeus

the curetes

guards that made big noise to hide baby zeus' cries

who is cybele

goddess associated with noise

who were the wives of zeus

metis, themis, eurynome, demeter, mnemosyne, leto, hera

who is metis and their kids and their story

frist wife of zeus

cunning - an attribute of zeus himself

prophecy is zeus will have a daughter equal to intelligence as him and a son who will surpass him

so while metis is pregnant with their daughter, he just fully eats metis, but metis is still pregnant inside of zeus

athena is birthed out of zeus's forehead

athena has no mom and metis isnt considered her mother

who is themis and kids

second wife of zeus

personification of law/custom

their children are the

horae (seasons)

lawfulness and justice

peace

fates ?

again?

Eurynome

third wife of zeus

the kids:

- the graces

who is demeter

fourth wife of zeus, and also his sister

olympian god

goddess of grain

daughter:

persephone

- kidnapped by hades (her uncle)

who is mnemosyne

fifth wife of zeus

titan, personification of memory, daughters: the 9 muses

who is leto, her kids, story

sixth wife of zeus

her kids: apollo and artemis

when she was pregnant, hera was pregnant, so she made it so she couldnt give birth anywhere on earth, until the floating island of delos allowed her to give birth on it

who is hera

zeus seventh and CANONICAL wife

god of motherhood and marriage

kids:

hebe, youth, cupbearer

ares, god of war

eileithyia, personification of labour pain

hera alone gives birth to hephaestus

who is hepheastus

god of the forge, fire, master craftsman

thrown from heaven

physically disabled

what is zeus the god of

household, property, oaths, strangers, suppliants

who is pindar and what did he do

a strange source, wrote victory odes - poetry on commision for athletic victories

olympian odes

pythian odes

isthmian odes

nemean odes