Speech Science Unit 3 LC

Voice onset time is shorter for ____ compared to ____ stops

voiced compared to voiceless

The frication interval for affricates is longer than for stops

True

The /ch/ is considered an affricate consonant. The place of production is velar.

False

Voice onset time (VOT) can be measured using a spectral slice

False

Slowing down speaking rate results in a longer VOT

true

Affricates contain the following…

closure interval and frication

How many affricates are there in the English language?

2

For which one of the following consonants can a VOT not be measured?

ch

What acoustic features differentiate an affricate from a vowel?

Affricates do not exhibit a formant structure, vowels don’t exhibit a closure interval, affricates exhibit a significant construction in the vocal tract whjile vowels do not, affricates exhibit compelx aperiodic energy while vowels contain complex periodic energy.

Which is true about voiceless stops?

Aspiration only occurs in voiceless stops

Why can affricates be viewed as slowly released stops

Affricates involve a closure and then a release. Fricative energy is longer than stops. Affricate does not have a burst release.

What is the cut off point between a voice and voiceless stop based on VOT?

About 25 ms

What does a pre voice lag mean?

This occurs for voiced stop consonants. The VOT for a pre-voice lag would be negative. The voicing or first glottal pulse of the following vowel would begin prior to the burst release.

The ‘Long lags” are associated with which three consonants?

/p/, /t/, /k/

The acoustic theory of vowel production is based on a tube with one end _____ and one end closed along with vocal fold vibration representing the source.

Open

The only input signal within the acoustic theory of consonant production is the input spectrum which is viewed as a complex periodic event consisting of a multitude of harmonics.

False

When compared to vowels, consonants contain additional ___ or side branch resonators

tubes

Constrictions placed within the vocal tract can lead to separation of the vocal tract into separate cavities. As cavity length ____, the natural resonant frequency of air molecule vibration decreases

Increases

Non planar waves can occur for consonants due to the interaction between short wave lengths associated with the higher frequencies pressure waves and the tight constriction of consonants

True

One of the major effects of coupling of the nasal to the pharyngeal - oral cavity during vowel production is the addition of the resonances from the nasal cavities when a vowel becomes nasalized.

True

The ____ represents the closure period for the stop when no to minimal energy is present in the spectrogram

stop gap

The only difference in how the /b/ and the /m/ is produced is that the /m/ has a closed velopharyngeal port

False

The nasal murmur is low frequency acoustic energy resulting from the presence of the nasal tube and sinus cavities (all shunt resonantors) associated with nasal consonants

true

When sound energy gets ___ in the vocal tract during the production of nasal consonants, the reuslts in the presence of _____

Trapped, antiresonances

Due to a difference place of production, the antiresonance for the __ is lower in frequency than for the __

/m/, /n/

The frequency for the nasal murmur for an adult male occurs around

250-300 Hz

Antiresonances are associated with

troughs in the spectrum

Features of nasalized vowels

Presence of the nassal resonance with a fairly consistent frequency (near 400)

Presence of an antiresonance (neaer 500 Hz)

Shifting up of the oral resonance for F1 and F2 along with a reduction in amplitude.

Obstruent consonants

stops, affricates, and fricatives

For air to move from one end of the tube to the other, there needs to be a pressure ___ between the two ends of the tube

differential

Aperiodic sound as seen for fricative consonants is associated with ____ flow

non laminar

Within a tube, airflow must speed up for laminar flow to be maintained when airflow comes to construction

True

Turbulent flow leads to non laminar flow as a result of adding the addition of the nasal cavity

false

_____ acts as the only or one of the sound sources for obstruent consonants

Turbulance

Antiresonances occur in fricative consonants as a result of trapping of the sound pressure wave within the cavity in front of the constriction

false

The frequency of the anitresonance for the /sh/ is higher than the anitresonance for the /s/.

true

Troughs in the spectra for fricative consonants are typically associated with

antiresonances

As the place of constriction for fricative consonants moves in a posterior direction, the frequency peak decreases

True

which one of the following fricatives has the greatest amplitude of frication energy? /j/, /s/, /p/, /h/, /v/

/s/

The dynamic range is a measurement made for fricative consonants and it is defined as the

Measurement between the lowest and highest point in the spectrum

When a child is clearly able to hear perceptual distinctions between /w/ and /r/, he or she is more likely to produce the distinction clearly

true

Semivowels contain antiformats just like seen in vowels

false

What is the F1 jump and for what semivowel does this occur?

When transitioning to the vowel, the F1 value jumps and does not exhibit a continuous glide like seen with the other semivowels. This can be a unique perceptual feature noted on t

Semivowels have a ____ duration than monopthog vowels

shorter

Like stop consonants, semivowels exhibit an aspiration portion when moving from a closure to a transition period

false

The glide semivowels include what two phonemes

/j/ andn /w/

Aspiration occurs in both affricates and fricatives

false.

The phrase level F0 contours represent the changes in the rate of vibration of the vocal folds with increse in the speed of vibration occurring as the trace moves up and decreases in the rate of vocal fold vibration as the race moves downward

true

The /r/ exhibits the lowest F3 compared to the other semivowels during the constriction

true

One of the reasons for variation in intensity while reading or during conversational speech is that vowels are less intense than consonants

false

The rate of vocal fold vibration is measured in

hertz

F0 contour is influenced by these things….

Syllabic stress, phrase intonation change, emphatic stress, convey emotions

The standard deviation of intensity is 6.5 dB during connected speech

true

Low vowels exhibit a higher F0 value than high vowels

false

Why is english considered a stress timed language

Speech timing is organized around stressed and unstressed syllables

Of the following classes/manners of speech sounds in english, which is considered the longest in duration? stops, semivowels, affricates, nasals, vowels

vowels