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Hemisphere
the halves of the world separated by the Equator and the Prime Meridian
cultural diffusion
the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another
Pharaoh
consider a king and a god
Fertile Crescent
area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (rich soil)
Scribe
a class of specially trained people who knew how to read and write
Nomad
people who move from place to place
caste system
born into classes, no method of leaving
Polytheism
believed in many gods
Dynasty
the ruling family
Silk Road
trade route that linked China to the Middle East
City
state
Democracy
government by the people
Republic
government by representatives chosen by the people
Feudalism
a new system developed to protect leaders from outside forces (economic system of land
Knight
mounted warriors
common law
idea that law is the same for all people, regardless of position in society
printing press
a machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates.
Protestant
in protest of the Catholic Church
absolute power
complete authority over the government & lives of the people
divine right
belief that the authority to rule came directly from God
limited monarchy
where a constitution or legislative body limits a monarch’s power
scientific method
the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation.
trench warfare
Warring armies on the western front formed vast defenses to prevent the other from advancing
Communism
the idea of a classless system and everything communally owned
Confucius
developed ideas about social order and good government; these ideas spread to neighboring countries
Alexander the Great
created a vast empire
Octavian (Augustus)
conquers Rome and becomes a tyrant of Rome
William the Conqueror
helped unify England and took the throne in 1066
Charlemagne
unites most of the former western Roman Empire and set up a strong, efficient government & revived learning
Medici family
instrument and one of the richest families in Europe, controlled Florentine politics
Leonardo da Vinci
also accomplished in botany, anatomy, music, architecture & engineering
William Shakespeare
English poet and playwright
Johannes Gutenberg
used a printing press to produce a version of the Bible
John Calvin
Protestant reformer in Switzerland agreed with Luther and predestination
Henry VIII
abandoned the Catholic Church when it refused to grant him a divorce
Elizabeth I
made a slow
Vasco da Gama
Sailed to Asia around the southern coast of Africa
Ferdinand Magellan
Explored the South American coast
Isaac Newton
Developed theory of gravity to explain planetary motion
Thomas Hobbes
Thought people were naturally bad
John Locke
Thought people were basically reasonable & moral
Napoleon Bonaparte
French army officer and political leader who was able to take power in the midst of the Revolution
Joseph Stalin
took power after Lenin’s death
Adolph Hitler
Austrian who fought in the German Army in WWI
Became a political figure as leader of the National Socialist German Workers, or Nazi, Party
Winston Churchill
new British prime minister, inspired his people to resist
Franz Ferdinand
heir to the throne of Austria
Code of Hammurabi
first major collection of laws in history
Pax Romana
Roman peace
Magna Carta
Document stated that nobles had certain rights
Justinian’s Code
document to organize the laws of ancient Rome
Crusades
holy wars (lasted 200 years)
Black Death
Bubonic plague; spread, killing 1 in 3 people
Renaissance
new age in Europe following the Middle Ages and a time of creativity (means rebirth)
95 Theses
Luther’s paper against the practice of selling indulgences and posted them on the door of the Catholic church in town
Reformation
The movement that had a profound effect on world religion, even today; when grew disillusioned with the power and wealth of the Catholic church
Counter Reformation
the church’s response to the Reformation
Scientific Revolution
exploration & discovery happened in science as well, most new findings were not received well by scholars, the church, or the people at first
Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment affected human thinking the way the Scientific Revolution changed the way people looked at the world
Storming of the Bastille
medieval fortress used as a prison
Crowd broke in looking for weapons and gunpowder
World War I
started when Austria
Russian Revolution
was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire
World War II
the largest battle of many countries in europe that included the Holocaust
D
Day
Largest amphibious (by sea) invasion in history
Holocaust
Hitler’s systematic killing of Europe’s Jewish population, became known
What are the parts of a map?
title, compass, scale, legend/key, locator map
What different types of maps are there?
physical maps, political maps, climate maps
What was the main breakthrough from the Paleolithic Era to the Neolithic?
The Neolithic man knew how to farm and had the option of staying in one place. In the Paleolithic
The four early civilizations we studied
Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China
How was Ancient Greece different from earlier civilizations?
Greece had an oligarchy government and had city states
What allowed the Romans to amass great wealth? What developed from that?
Augustus taking power, properity
What religion developed during the Pax Romana?
Christianity
What was the legacy of Ancient Rome?
their people helped others with advancements in engineering and geometry
Why was the Catholic Church so powerful during the Middle Ages?
Because people were so focused on life after life on Earth
What happened to Europe after the fall of Rome?
the government was weak and fragmented
What happened to the Christian Church after it split?
The authority of the pope and clergy’s right to marriage
How did the Holy Roman Empire come about? Where did its name come from?
it was the former western roman empire that was united by Charlemagne. Got its name from the fact that the ruler was crowned by the Pope
Why was the location of Constantinople so important?
for trade and culture spread
What was the lasting effect of the Crusades?
left a legacy of hatred between the two religions
How did people’s thinking change between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?
people were more focused on the present
Why did people during the Renaissance grow angry with the Catholic church?
the church was taking too much power over the people
What other culture grew in the Middle East during the Middle Ages, threatening Europe?
Muslim
What were the effects of European exploration of the world, both positive and negative?
Increased trade, growing global connections, cultural diffusion, Conflicts between Europeans and other cultures grew; would lead to a practice called imperialism
How were the findings of the Scientific Revolution received throughout society?
not expected at first but gradually changed society’s way of thinking
How did Enlightenment ideas affect America & France?
caused them to revolt
How did monarchs react to Enlightenment ideas?
Some leaders bought into Enlightenment ideas, but weren’t interested in giving up power
What sort of problems did common people in France have prior to the revolution?
class resentment and economic crises
How did the Industrial Revolution change society?
changed the way people worked and farmed
What were the causes of World War I?
Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism
What new technologies led to massive casualties in WWI?
machine guns, artillery, poison gas, tanks, and airplanes
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Flashcard (48)