Lipids/Carbohydrates

Define macromolecules

Very large organic molecules such as protein, nucleic acids, or polysaccharides

What are the features of fat?

Energy- Stores twice as many energy as carbohydrate
Insulator- Endotherms, maintains a steady internal body temperature regardless of environment temperature
Density- POlar bears are able to float better because of the fat stored in their fur.
Solubility- Fat is insoluble in water, thus non-polar.

Define a lipid

Repeating chains of hydrocarbon chains.

List the different types of lipids, an example, and their functions

Storage lipids- triglycerides
Membrane lipids- phospholipids
Hormone lipids- steroids/cholesterol

List the different types of conjugated carbon molecules

Glycoprotein, glycolipid, lipoprotein.

Define conjugated carbon molecules

Define a fatty acid

A monomer (building block) of lipids. Anything with carboxyl group = acid. Has a hydrocarbon chian ( lipid)

List the different types of fatty acid and their features

Saturated fatty acid. (High melting point, solid at room temperature, like butter and meat). Bounded to as many hydrogen as possible
Monounsaturated fatty acid (Lower melting point, liquid at room temperature, like oil). Has a double bonded carbon with trans bond (one H up and another H down)
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (lower melting melting point than monounsaturated fatty acid, liquid at room temperature.) Has a trans and cis bond.

List the properties of fatty acids and its relation to melting point

Longer carbon chain length and few number of double bonds = higher melting point
Shorter carbon chain length and more double bonds = lower melting point

Outline the unique properties of carbon

Has 4 stable, covalent bonds (strongest bonds in biological molecules)
Can form

Define functional groups

Chemically active part of a member of a series of organic molecules.

How is the production of macromolecules by condensation reactions link monomers to form a polymers

Through hydrolysis reactions from breaking down macromolecules.

List the 2 types of monosaccharides

Pentose (5 carbon) sugars and hexose (6 carbon) sugars. (-ose = sugar)

List the properties of glucose

Relatively small and highly solubility in water (easily transportable in blood and fluids between cells)
Chemically stable (doesn’t interfere with the osmotic potential difference of the cell, isotonic)
Glucose yields lots of chemical energy. But not as much as lipid. Usually in oxidation reactions

Define glycogen

A polysaccharide made of glucose monomers that are bonded in similar pattern as amylopectin 1-6 linkages. More numerous than amylopectin. Stores excess glucose as glycogen in liver and muscle tissue. Can be broken down quickly if glucose is needed.

Define alpha and beta glucose

Alpha glucose, the hydroxide group is facing downward (2’ carbon) and in beta glucose it is facing upwards. Starch has alpha glucose.

List the two types of starch molecules

Amylose- carbon #1 bonded to carbon #4 to adjoining glucose (1-4 linkage)
Amylopectin- 1-6 glycosidic bonds making the molecules branched (1-6 branch point linkage)

Define, with an example, condensation reaction

Distinguish between condensation and hydrolysis reactions. Give an example of each.

Deduce why glucose is stored in muscle and liver in the form of glycogen, not as individual glucose molecules.

Explain how the structure of glycogen enables it to perform its function in animals.

Starch is a powdery material whereas cellulose is a strong, fibrous substance, yet both are made of glucose. Identify the features of the cellulose molecule that account for its strength.

Compare and contrast the structure and function of starch, glycogen and cellulose

Starch-
Glycogen-
Cellulose-

Outline the roles of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides in animals and plants. Use an example for each.

Distinguish between the terms ‘antigen’ and ‘antibody’

Explain why lipids are more suitable for long-term energy storage in humans than carbohydrates.

Distinguish between lipids and carbohydrates as energy stores.

List two properties of phospholipids.