Motivation and Emotion (AP Psychology)

Motivation

A need, desire, or want that energizes and directs behavior.

Drives

goal-directed tendencies based on a change in an organism's biological state

primary drives

unlearned, innate drives

secondary drives

learned and acquired through experience.

Instinct

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned through a species and is unlearned.

Intrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior for one's own sake.

Extrinsic motivation

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid punishment.

Self-efficacy

One's sense of competence and effectiveness

Achievement Motive (nAch)

Need for achievement

drive reduction theory

Biological needs motive our behavior

homeostasis

a state of balance in the body; being out of homeostasis creates a need necessitating a drive

the arousal theory

there is an optimal level of arousal for a given task

the Yerkes-Dodson Law

motivation and performance reach an optimal point and then performance starts to decline

Abraham Maslow

believed in our self-actualizing tendency by satisfying certain needs he arranged these in a hierarchical structure

Ghrelin

Secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain.

Orexin

Hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus.

Insulin

Secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose.

Leptin

Protein hormone secreted by fat cells; causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.

achievement

the need to excel and to overcome obstacles

Power

the need to win recognition or to influence or control other people

Affiliation need

the need to be with others

stressors

things causing stress

Hans Selye

proposed that our body adapts to stress in three phases called the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

alarm reaction

stage one of GAS in which the sympathetic nervous system is activated and the physiological changes listed above occur

resistance

stage two of GAS in which the body reacts to the perceived stress through an outpouring of hormones

exhaustion

stage three of GAS during which the body has exhausted its efforts to fight stress and is more prone to illness

emotion

defined as feeling that underlies behavior

the James-Lange theory

states that body changes come before perceived emotions

the Cannon-Bard theory

states that body changes and emotions occur simultaneously

the Schacter-Singer

also known as cognitive theory or two-factor theory, states that how we perceive a situations dictates what emotions we will feel; it is a combination of physical responses and cognitive motivation

the opponent process theory

states that when we have an emotional response, it is always accompanied by the opposite emotion as well

Robert Zajonc

theorized that people experience emotional reactions apart from, or even before, their conscious interpretation of the situation

Joseph LeDoux

theorized that sometimes emotions take a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex

Kurt Lewin

believes that we experience anxiety whenever we are confronted with positive and negative conflicts

approach-approach

situation when we are confronted by two positive alternatives

approach-avoidance

situation occurs when the individual must choose between something positive and something negative

avoidance-avoidance

situation occurs when the individual must choose between two negative alternatives

Drive reduction theory

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that motivates and organism to satisfy the need.

Glucose

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Basal metabolic rate

Body's resting rate of energy output

Achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

Lateral Hypothalamus

increases hunger

Ventromedial hypothalamus

makes you feel full / satiated