AP Psychology Unit 3 Flashcards

What are the 3 types of memory?

Episodic, Generic/Semantic, Procedural

Episodic Memory

memory of a specific event

Flashbulb Memory

(relates to episodic memory) a clear memory of an emotionally significant event

Generic/Semantic Memory

General knowledge & information that can be recalled

Procedural Memory

Memory that consists of the skills & procedures one has learned

What are the 3 processes of memory

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Encoding

translation of information into a form that can be stored in memory

uses visual, semantic, and acoustic codes

Storage

maintenance of encoded information over time

(Relates to storage) What are the 2 main types of memory rehearsals and what do they entail?

maintenance: repetition

elaborative: relating new information to old information

(Relating to Storage) What are organizational systems?

memories that become stored & arranged in your mind for future use

Retrieval

the process of recalling information from memory storage

What are the two types of retrieval and what do they entail?

Recall: retrieving information from memory without any help

Recognition: recognizing from a list of alternatives (like a multiple-choice question)

What is context-dependent memory?

info is more easily retrieved in the context in which it was encoded & stored

What is state-dependent memory?

memory where info is more easily retrieved when in the same physical or emotional state as when it was originally learned

Implicit memory

Unconscious retrieval of memory, a type of long-term memory involved in day-to-day tasks (like navigating your home)

How does implicit memory relate to procedural memory?

Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory

Explicit memory

(aka. declarative memory) the conscious and intentional recalling of facts, events, and personal experiences

What are the 3 stages of memory?

Sensory, Short-term, Long-term

Sensory memory

first stage of memory; immediate, initial recording of sensory information; lasts 0.5 to 2 seconds; unlimited capacity

(Relates to sensory memory) Memory Trace

impression made on our senses that lasts for only a fraction of a second

(relates to sensory memory) Iconic memory

part of the sensory memory that holds visual memories; lasts for no more than a tenth of a second

(relates to sensory memory) Echoic memory

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Short-term memory

memory that holds info briefly before it’s stored or forgotten; 2nd stage of memory; lasts about 18 seconds

primary effect

tendency to recall the initial items in a series

recency effect

tendency to recall the last item in a series

chunking

the organizing of items into familiar or manageable units

Interference (as it relates to short-term memory)

(as a result of the limited space of short-term memory) process that occurs when new information appears in short-term memory and replaces what was already there

Long-term memory

capable of storing large amounts of relatively permanent memory; 3rd stage of memory; no limit to how much we can store

What is Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting?

the mathematical curve that shows that most forgetting takes place during the first 9 hours after learning something (particularly after the 1st hr)

Method of Savings

difference between the number of repetitions needed to learn a list of items & the number needed to relearn

What are the interferences of forgetting?

Decay, Interference, Suppression, Repression

Decay

the gradual erosion of a memory; most common cause of short-term memory loss

Interference (as it relates to forgetting)

interrupts memory through the presence of other info

How can interference affect short-term memory?

new info replaces old info because of the limited space

How can interference affect long-term memory?

the more memories stored, the harder it is to find one particular memory

Retroactive interference

when learning new info interferes with the recall of older info (new affects old)

Proactive interference

when older info interferes with the recall of new info (old affects new)

Suppression

conscious attempt to forget information (actively trying to forget something)

Repression

unconscious attempt to forget (past abuse, etc.)

Amnesia

a memory loss that can be caused by brain damage, disease, or certain drugs

Retrograde Amnesia

the loss of memory of events prior to an injury; many regain the memories, but they come all at once

Anterograde Amnesia

the loss of memory of events occurring after the injury, essentially unable to form new memories; result of damage to the hippocampus; prevents transfer to new experiences from short-term memory to long-term memory, causing new memory to become short-term

Mnemonics

something that helps people remember things

Method of Loci

associating well-known locations with info to be remembered

Peg-word system

combining rhyme with terms in order to help with remembering

What are some ways of effective studying?

creating an outline, distributed practice, PQ4R

What is distributed practice?

practice is broken into shorter sessions over a longer period of time; much more effective than cramming

What is PQ4R?

a study method that stands for previewing info, creating questions about it, and reading, reflecting, reciting, and reviewing the information

Spearman’s Two Factor Theory of Intelligence

Contains the G factor and S factor. The G factor is for general intelligence (the abilities to reason and solve problems). The S factor are specific factors that account for particular abilities.

Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental Abilities

Contains 7 factors of primary mental abilities. They are:

Visual and Spatial Relations

Perceptual Speed

Numerical Ability

Verbal Comprehension

Memory

Word Fluency

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence

We possess 8 different kinds of intelligence within us:

Lingustic

Logical Mathematical

Visual Spatial

Body Kinesthetics

Musical Rhythmic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalistic