Bringing in stimuli from the environment (to the brain)
2
New cards
Perception
Organization & interpretation of sensory information
3
New cards
Synesthesia
"Cross Talk" of the senses.
4
New cards
Absolute Threshold
the minimum amount of energy needed to detect the presence of a stimulus (one factor)
5
New cards
Just-noticeable difference (JND)
minimum amount of energy needed to detect change in the intensity of a stimulus (notice the difference)
6
New cards
Weber's law
JND is a fixed proportion (%) of the intensity of the stimulus(as the initial intensity increases, the JND will also increase
7
New cards
Signal detection theory
Theory predicting our ability to detect if a stimulus "signal" is present (accuracy) amid background noise and the factors that influence it
8
New cards
SDT; Hit
the subject responded affirmative when a signal was present
9
New cards
SDT; Miss
Stimulus is present but no response
10
New cards
SDT; False Alarm
Stimulus is not present yet there is a response
11
New cards
SDT; Correct Rejection
No Stimulus present and no response
12
New cards
Factors that influence detection/response criterion
1. Noise - Random Neural firings(distractions) 2.Physical Ability (sensitivity) 3. Expectations 4. Where attention is directed 5. Willingness/relevance (response Criterion)
13
New cards
Subliminal Perception
Processing information without awareness Subliminal Stimuli-below threshold (unaware)
14
New cards
Priming
Occurs when exposure to a stimulus (Consciously or Unconsciously) influences perception
15
New cards
Sensory Adaptation
Decline in sensitivity to stimulus that are presented at a constant level.
16
New cards
Transduction
converting energy into neural impulses Steps: Sensory Stimuli from the environment, Accessory structure, transduction at sensory receptors, Thalamus(except smell), Appropriate part of the cerebral cortex
17
New cards
Temporal Code
Changes in neuron activity, rates, or timing
18
New cards
Spatial Code
Physical location of neural activity
19
New cards
Amplitude
Brightness/Sensitivity
20
New cards
Wavelength
Color/Hue
21
New cards
Purity
Saturation
22
New cards
Visual process
Light Wave - Cornea(outer protective layer) - Iris + Pupil (colored muscle that adjusts pupil) - Lens(Focuses images on retina) - Image is inverted onto retina - Retina(transduction) - Photoreceptors(responsible for transduction) - Bipolar Cells - Ganglion Cells - Bundle together to form optic nerve - optic disk(blind spot) - Thalamus - Occipital lobe(visual cortex)
23
New cards
Accommodation
The ability of the lens to bend light rays in order to focus the image (based on the objects location) on the retina
24
New cards
Nearsightedness(myopia)
occurs when the lens bends too much. The image falls in front of the retina. Can see near
25
New cards
Farsightedness(hyperopia)
Occurs when the lens doesn't bend too much or enough. The image falls behind retina. Able to see far.
26
New cards
Photoreceptors(on the retina)
sensory receptors for vision ~ responsible for transduction
27
New cards
Cones(type of photoreceptor)
Color vision; help us see in daytime/brighter light; located on center of retina
28
New cards
Fovea
Center of retina; contains highest concentration of cones; greatest visual activity(detail)
29
New cards
Rods(type of photoreceptor)
Black & White (&shades of gray); help us see in dark/dim light; locates on the outside of the retina, so they are responsible for peripheral vision
30
New cards
Bipolar Cells
Receive visual signals from photoreceptors(rods & cones); help see contrast & edges
31
New cards
Ganglion Cells
Signals sent from bipolar cells to the ganglion cells. Axons of the ganglion cells bundle together to form the optic nerve
32
New cards
Optic Disk & Optic nerve
The optic nerve leaves the eye at the optic disk
33
New cards
Blindspot
Where optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no rods & cones; which creates a blind spot
34
New cards
Optic Chiasm
Location where the optic nerve of each eye crosses over to the other hemisphere of the brain
35
New cards
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
A specific place in the Thalamus that processes visual information *Signal now goes to the visual cortex in the Occipital
36
New cards
Feature Detectors
Specialized cells that respond selectively to specific features of more complex stimuli (edges, lines, angles)
37
New cards
Parallel Processing
processing visual information is done simultaneously (as opposite to senial processing).
38
New cards
Prosopagnosia
Visual agnosia-The inability to recognize objects The inability to recognize human faces(face blindness)
39
New cards
Additive Color Mixing
Light: as you mix light waves together the color gets lighter; all together=White
40
New cards
Subtractive Color Mixing
Paints: as you mix colors together the color gets darker; all together=Black
41
New cards
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory
There are three types of receptors(cones) with differing sensitivities to different wavelengths that can create all colors; Red, Green, Blue
42
New cards
Color Blindness
Lack of one of the three (or more in rare cases) types of cones. Care able to discriminate fewer colors than other people. Few people are void of all cones. Supports the YHT theory of color vision
43
New cards
Opponent process theory
Color perception is determined by the activity of 3 opponent systems; yellow-blue, red-green, black-white
44
New cards
Afterimages
an image continuing to appear in one's vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased. Supports the OP theory of color vision
45
New cards
Figure ground processing
Organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings. Attention.
46
New cards
Perceptual Set
The tendency to perceive stimulus in a particular way (guided by prior experiences, expectations, surroundings, context, current mood, etc.)
47
New cards
Inattentional blindness & Change blindness
Failure to see visible objects or events(or a change in one's environment) because one's attention is focused elsewhere(or we've stopped processing due to top-down processing.)
48
New cards
Bottom -up processing
Using details/features/characteristics of a stimulus to guide perception
49
New cards
Top-down processing
Using prior experiences, expectations, context, to guide perception(little evidence)
50
New cards
Gestalt Principles
Grouping
51
New cards
GP; Proximity
Objects closer to each other are grouped together
52
New cards
GP; Closure
Filling in the gaps to perceive a completed image
53
New cards
GP; Similarity
Grouping based on like characteristics
54
New cards
GP; Simplicity
We tend to perceive the simplest form of a stimulus
55
New cards
GP; Continuity
Continuous Lines
56
New cards
(GP) common region
Grouping by boundaries
57
New cards
Visual Cliff
The apparatus used to test depth perception in infants
58
New cards
Binocular Depth Cues
2 eyes
59
New cards
BDC; Retinal (binocular) disparity
Depth perception guided by the different Images seen by each eye (the larger the disparity, the closer the object is perceived).
60
New cards
Convergence
sensing the eyes converging toward each other as they focus on closer objects
61
New cards
Monocular depth cues
1 eye
62
New cards
Linear perspective
Parallel line "converge" in the distance
63
New cards
Texture gradient
More detail = closer
64
New cards
Interposition
Closer objects partially block (overlap) objects further away
65
New cards
Relative Size
Larger on retina = closer
66
New cards
Height in the plane
Near objects = lower in visual field
67
New cards
Light & Shadow
3d
68
New cards
Motion Parallax
Objects closer to us speed across our visual field more quickly than objects farther away
69
New cards
Phi Phenomenon/Stroboscopic motion
Illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession
70
New cards
Looming
As image expand on our retina we perceive the object as approaching us
71
New cards
Perceptual Constancies (Size, Shape, Brightness)
Tendency to experience a stable perception despite changing sensory input.
Perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or locations/places, along the basilar membrane. [Spatial Code]. High-Frequency Sounds
77
New cards
Frequency Theory
Perception of pitch corresponds to the firing rate, or frequency, at which the basilar membrane vibrates (or firing rates of neurons of the auditory nerve) [Temporal Code]. Low frequency sounds
78
New cards
Conduction Deafness
Problems/damage to the three little bones or the tympanic membrane. (may e corrected with hearing aids)
79
New cards
Sensorineural Deafness
Problems/damage to the cilia(haircells) or auditory nerve. (may be corrected with a cochlear or auditory nerve implant). This is the type of hearing loss that results from too much loud noise.
80
New cards
Gustation/Taste buds(papillae)
*Papillae/taste buds contain sensory receptors for taste *There are 4 tastes; Sweet/Sours/Bitter/Salty *Taste Buds are most sensitive to 1 or 2 tastes & weak to others.
81
New cards
Olfaction + Sensory Receptors
Detection of smell. Cilia choir cells in the nose.
82
New cards
Olfactory Bulb
Cilia in the nose send signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain. *Does not go through Thalamus. (part of timbre system.)
83
New cards
Vomeronasal organ
Part of the nose that detects pheromones
84
New cards
Pheromones
Chemicals that shape the behavior/physiology of animals