1940
the year Karl Landsteiner and Alex Wiener discovered the Rh blood group system
004
ISBT number of Rh blood group system
Codominance
Inheritance pattern of Rh blood group
RHD gene
expressor gene of D antigen
RHCE gene
expressor gene of C, c, E, and e antigens
RHAG gene
co-expressor of Rh antigens
Fisher-Race Nomenclature
nomenclature with DCEce terminology
Wiener Nomenclature
nomenclature with Rh Hr terminology based on 8 agglutinogens
Rosenfield Nomenclature
nomenclature with no genetic basis, just the presence/absence of Rh antigens
ISBT Nomenclature
machine readable uniform nomenclature
IAT
Principle of Weak D Testing
Blood donors
Babies born from Rh D-negative mothers
Weak D testing is required for:
2 drops : 2 drops
Weak D Testing procedure:
Test = _ drops of Px washed red cells + _ drops of Anti-D reagent
Px washed red cells : NSS
Weak D Testing procedure:
Control = 2 drops of ____ + 2 drops of ____
DCe
Most common Fisher-Race haplotype in Asia (70%)
Fewer D Ag present (Quantitative problem)
cause of Genetic Weak D
Position effect (D is opposite to C)
cause of C Trans
Missing portion of D Ag (Qualitative problem)
cause of D Mosaic / Partial D
Px red cells are already sensitized with IgG Ab
Weak D result:
Test = 2+ Control = 2+
Why is this result invalid?
D antigen
major Rh antigen, as well as the most immunogenic
D > c > E > C > e
Immunogenicity of Rh antigens
False
True or False:
Rh antibodies activate complement.
Rh null syndrome
Lacks all Rh antigens; demonstrate mild compensated hemolytic anemia
Stomatocytosis, increase in Hb F
Rh mod
Partial suppression of Rh gene; Features similar to Rh null but less severe
Exalted D
No C/c or E/e reactivity (D—/D—); Unusually strong D expression
Cw
Originally considered an allele at the C/c locus
f
Compound antigen; c and e are in cis position
rhi
Compound antigen; C and e are in cis position
G
Present on most C(+) and D(+) positive red cells
Saline-based rgt
Rh Ag typing reagent that contains IgM Abs; Can be used on red cells coated with IgG Ab; CANNOT be used on Weak D testing
High protein-based rgt
Rh Ag typing reagent added with bovine albumin; short incubation time; can do Weak D testing
Chemically-modified rgt
Rh Ag typing reagent that contains IgG; Low protein-based; replaced Saline-reactive reagent
Monoclonal Antibodies
Rh Ag typing reagent derived from single clone of plasma cell containing both IgM/IgG