Music S3 '24-25

Vivaldi’s concertos are solely what?

instrumental

Who ranked 100 songs addressing the seasons?

writer Ansel Pereira

When was ‘Let it Snow,’ released?

1945

Who wrote ‘Winterreise’ abt a sad man in winter?

Franz Schubert in 1827

Who included ‘The Lonely One in Autumn’ in ‘Das Lied von der Erde’ (The Song of the Earth) 1909

Gustav Mahler

The first European attempts to write down music via musical notation began at the start of the 9th century during what?

Middle Ages/Medieval era

Why is the earliest music sacred?

The Catholic Church holy orders had to memorize too many chants

T/F The Catholic Church’s chants were monophonic

T

What was the earliest form of counterpoint?

composers would use old chants as foundation and develop new tunes to coordinate w it

What’s sampling?

older works are borrowed and quoted in new pieces

Who wrote ‘Are You Sleeping?’

Frere Jacques

What is imitative polyphony?

basically rounds by ear or by rote meh

What’s an abbey?

building where Catholic nuns or monks live

Where was ‘Sumer is icumen in’ (Summer has come) found?

abbey near Reading, England

How was ‘Sumer is icumen in’ preserved?

manuscript

What is the medieval term for “round?”

rota

What are 2 nicknames of SII?

Reading Rota and Summer Canon

What’s a synonym for round?

canon

(SII) How many lines does the staff have?

6

(SII) What kind of clef does it have?

resembles tenor w a big C on 4th line staff

(SII) What key signature is it in?

Bs r flat so its F major

(SII) What are the shapes of the notes?

squares and diamonds

(SII) On the left top staff, what color is the giant S that makes up Sumer?

blue

(SII) What color are the old english words?

black

(SII) What does the red cross mean after the first phrase?

When the second singer starts the round

What’s a rondellus?

polyphonic genre for 2 or more voices also popular in Middle Ages

What was the rondellus in SII?

has 2 motifs, a and b, a is melody and b is harmony and later performers switch a and b

What is rondellus also called?

voice-exchange

(SII) When would the cuckoo sing again?

When summer comes back

(SII) The rondellus is repeated as a what?

ostinato

What does 'pes’ mean?

foot or ground

(SII) What is rondellus labeled as in the manuscript?

pes with red ink

(SII) Some believe the melody for pes is sampled from what older chant?

Regina caeli laetare (first 5 pitches same as rondellus a)

What kind of notation did ‘Regina caeli laetare’ use?

square notation

What kind of clef does ‘Regina caeli laetare’ use?

C left on 4th line, like rondellus a

(SII) How does the latin red poem begin?

‘Perspice christicola (behold, Christian), used to justify making the secular SII

(SII) Pes I sings first portion of a at the beginning what dynamic?

p

(SII) Pes II begins while Pes I sings second portion b at what dynamic?

also p

(SII) At the first rota rounds, what dynamic do the singers sing?

mp

(SII) At the third rota round, what dynamic do they reach before they diminuendo?

f

(SII) The last voice, Pes 1, sings b at what dynamic?

pp

"‘What a Wonderful World,'“ was written for who?

Louis Armstrong (1901-71)

Who grew up fatherless and got arrested at 9 for being sus?

Armstrong

Where was Armstrong sent after being arrested both times?

Colored Waifs Home in New Orleans

Who was Armstrong released to after his initial arrest?

his aunt

How did Armstrong get arrested on New Year’s Eve 1912?

shot a gun in the air and sent back to Home on 1913

Who hired Peter Davis as band director of Colored Waifs Home?

Proprietors Joseph and Manuela Jones

What did Armstrong study with Davis?

cornet (and somewhere the trumpet too idk)

How many months did Armstrong stay in the Home (2nd arrest)

18 months

How was critical to the success of Armstrong, and how did he acknowledge it?

The Joneses, he wrote to them in 1937 abt how theyre his “tops”

Who gave Armstrong a cornet and persuaded him to join his group when he moved to Chicago?

cornetist and band leader Joe King "Oliver (1881-1938)

Who did Armstrong marry in 1924?

Pianist Lillian Hardin who helped w his music theory and notation and pushed his career as soloist

What nickname did Armstrong acquire?

Satchmo for his big mouth (satchel)

What did Armstrong sing that climbed to no. 1 Billboard charts in 1964 (despite the popularity of the rolling stones and the beatles)

Hello, Dolly!

How old was Armstrong that made him the oldest person to ever reach no. 1 Billboard (until broken in 2023)

63

Who claims peers tried to catch colds to have Armstrong’s gravelly singing voice?

Joseph F. Laredo

Who banned Armstrong’s recordings during WWII?

Nazis

What wars was Armstrong’s music sought after?

WWII and Cold

Repressive governments find what kind of music threatening?

jazzz, “free expression of the individual”

When did Armstrong take a postwar commercial tour?

1955

Who sanctioned Armstrong’s 1957 tour to South America?

U.S. State Department

Armstrong travelled to Africa in 1960 as a what?

official state ambassador

Who had an idea during the mid 1960s during Kennedy’s assassination, Vietnam, and racism to make Armstrong sing a diff song called “What a Wonderful World”

Songwriter Bob Thiele and George David Weiss

Why did Thiele initially use an alias (George Douglas) in published copies of WAWW?

industry bias against record producers recording their own songs

Where did alias ‘George Douglas’ come from?

first names of 2 of Thiele’s cousins

Armstrong moved to Corona, NY after marrying who?

4th wife Lucille

Where did Armstrong agree to record WAWW?

after midnight performance at tropicana Hotel LA

When did Armstrong and a crap tone of people meet at United Studios?

8/16/1967 2 AM

Armstrong’s union rate payment for the initial WAWW was what?

250

Who did Armstrong sign with whose president didn’t like Armstrong doing WAWW?

ABC-Paramount Records, president Larry Newton

How did Thiele handle Newton?

convinced him to leave the control room then didn’t let him in (and he banged on the door)

Who was the publisher of WAWW that also refused Newton back inside the studio?

Frank Military

Who as the music arranger of WAWW?

Artic Butler

What was a disruption of recording WAWW location wise?

They were close to train tracks leading into LA. Had to wait 20 minutes

Butler described the situation of the train as what?

Murphey’s law

When did WAWW get the take they liked?

6 AM (8/16/1967)

How did Newton get his revenge on WAWW?

spent no money promoting it, leading to fewer than 1000 copies selling in US that year

Where did WAWW reach no. 1 for several weeks, selling 600,000 copies?

England

When does a recording reach silver in England?

sales go over 500,000 copies

What happened when WAWW reached silver in England?

British executive flew to US to give Armstrong his plaque in September 1968, and Newton had to take it was Armstrong was ill

When and how would WAWW catch American ear listeners?

20 yrs later when director Barry Levinson chose it for his film ‘Good Morning, Vietnam’ (1988)

In 1988, due to Good Morning Vietnam, how popular did WAWW get?

reached Billboard’s no 32 spot, by the time Armstrong was dead

When did WAWW get added to the Grammy Hall of Fame?

1999

What kind of form is WAWW in?

32-bar song form (A-A-B-A)

(WAWW) What’s diff abt the first two ‘A’ sections?

1st phrase cadences on A (mediant of F major) while 2nd ends on tonic F

(WAWW) In both A sections, the quick upward disjunct leap to what 2 notes lead to the conjunct descent to the tonic F?

dominant C and submediant D (Happens in 1st measure)

What’s a common nickname for the third phrase of a 32-bar form?

bridge

(WAWW) the first half of sect B lingers on several repetitions of what notes?

supertonic G and the mediant (A)

(WAWW) second half of sect B alternates between what notes before descending to what note?

high D and C before a cadence on G

(WAWW) On third A sect, what does the music pause on?

mediant A, building anticipation for short coda phrase that cadences on F

(WAWW) On third sect A, what did Armstrong improv at the end that returns to the mediant?

'Oh, yeah (ad-lib)

What was something Armstrong did with WAWW that he rarely does?

stuck closely to the songwriter’s melody, he doesn’t jazz it up

What is WAWW’s A phrase similar to?

1st phrase of twinkle twinkle little star

What form is Twinkle Twinkle Little Star in?

Ternary A-B-A (B consists of a 5-4-3-2 descent twice)

How are WAWW and Twinkle Twinkle lyrically alike?

They are lullaby-like celebrations of the natural world

What is WAWW’S time signature?

12/8

What is Twinkle Twinkle’s time and key signature?

4/4, F major like WAWW

(WAWW) In the intro, what isntruments play?

guitars doing arpeggios underneath string sustained pitches

(WAWW) In the A sections, what does the anacrusis start on?

dominant (G)

(WAWW) What instruments play in the first half of B sect?

flute countermelody and vibraphone