psych unit 2 (cognition)

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133 Terms

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place theory

pitch is determined by the part of the ear that the sound hits

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frequency theory

pitch = frequency of neural impulses

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volley theory

groups of neurons fire in rapid succession (out of phase), to sense high frequency sounds

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conduction deafness

(big deaf) damage to outer + middle ear (mechanics, can be fixed by surgery)

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sensorineural (nerve) deafness

(small deaf) damage to the hair cells (caused by loud noise, fixed by cochlear implant)

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outer ear

ear canal, drum (everything you can touch)

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middle ear (bones)

these vibrate, amplifying the sound: ossicles, oval window

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inner ear

cochlea, auditory nerve

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ossicles

hammer, anvil, stirrup

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cochlea

basilar membrane, hair cells

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audition transduction pathway

auditory nerve → thalamus → temporal lobe

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auditory agnosia

can’t tell speech from non speech

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auditory verbal agnosia

can’t understand meaning of words

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sound localization

we know where the sound is coming from (hits one ear before other)

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nearsight

can’t see far away (light falls in front of retina)

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farsight

can’t see nearby (light falls behind retina)

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blindspot

when light is reflected where the optic nerve hits the eye (everyone has this)

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di/monochromatism

only one or two types of working cones

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prosopragnosia

can’t recognize faces

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blindsight

can’t see but react to visual stimuli

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hue

light wavelengths

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intensity

light amplitude

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retina

light-sensitive (rods + cones)

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lens

behind retina: focuses images

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accomodation

lens change shape to focus

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trichromatic theory

cones process color: red, green, blue

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opponent process theory

opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision

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fovea

focal point of retina where cones are

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afterimage

what you see after staring @ bright light

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ganglion cells

eye nerve cells transmit info from eye to brain

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olfaction

smell

receptor cells on olfactory bulb, goes to amygdala + hippocampus

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umami

tastes like protein

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oleogustus

oily/fatty

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gate control theory

the spinal cord is a gate that either allows or inhibits pain signals from reaching the brain

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phantom limb syndrome

percieving feelings in amputated limb

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kinesthetic sense

sensing position + orientation of body parts + handled by somatosensory cortex

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vestibular

sensing body orientation (semicircular canals) + somatosensory cortex

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absolute threshold

min stimulus needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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difference threshold

min change in stimulus needed to detect it 50% of time

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weber’s law

two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage not amount (as intensity inc., diff threshold proportionally inc.)

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sensory adaptation

insensitivity due to constant exposure to a stimulus (habituation is for behavior)

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sensory interaction

5 senses → perception of the world (e.g. flavor = taste + smell)

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pheromones

trigger specific behavioral or physiological responses in others of the same species

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selective attention

focusing conscious attention on a stimulus

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inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects whenever attn. is directed elsewhere (gorilla)

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change blindness

not noticing env. changes b/c attn. is elsewhere

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perceptual set

a predisposition to percieve one thing and not another without having actually experienced the thing in question (taking a recommendation)

this can be replaced by experience

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gestalt

make meaning of meaningless stimuli (outlet face)

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figure ground

sorting things into fore and background

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bottom up processing

senses → perception (accommodation)

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top down processing

existing knowledge → perception (assimilation) (caramel onion)

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schema

how you group info

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cocktail party effect

focus on one auditory stimulus while filtering out background noise (eg lunchroom)

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perceptual adaptation

if exposed to an inverted or altered visual field, you will adapt over time (drunk goggles)

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schemas

learned concepts

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retinal disparity

using the diff. btwn two images in each eye to find distance

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perceptual constancy

a door is still a door even if it has apparently changed shape

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algorithm

fool proof formula (slow)

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heuristic

rule of thumb — fast but more error prone

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representative heuristic

use a template of something you know and applying it (make assumptions) (top down processing)

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availability heuristic

thinking based on info that pops into mind

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mental set

something you’ve done in the past

approaching a problem with methods that have worked in the past

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framing

advertising rhetoric (seared meat)

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priming

exposure to a stimulus affects how someone will respond to a future stimulus

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gambler’s fallacy

mistaken belief that random things won’t be random

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sunk cost fallacy

tendency to continue investing time into something even though it is no longer beneficial (FBLA)

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executive functioning

planning + smart things

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creativity

making novel ideas or solutions

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convergent thinking

process of elimination

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divergent thinking

opposite of convergent (think outside of box)

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schemas

mental molds to put concepts in (object ____s hold properties about objects)

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concept

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas (different representations of a tree are still a tree)

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prototype

best example of a category (a crow is a birdier bird than a penguin)

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functional fixedness

we only think things can be used for one purpose

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recall

retrieving learned info (fill in the blank)

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recognition

identifying things prev. learned (mult. choice)

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relearning

is easier to do than the first time

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memory

acquiring, storing, retrieving info

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explicit (declarative memory)

recollecting facts + events

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implicit (nondeclarative) memory

info stored and used unconcsciously (muscle memory)

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episodic memory

memory of personal experiences

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procedural memory

memory of how to perform things (tie a shoe)

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prospective memory

remembering to perform a future action

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semantic memory

general knowledge about the world (e.g. bush was a president)

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long term potentiation

strength of synaptic connections are strengthened due to repeated stimulation (memories no accessed will disappear)

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short term memory

can hold a small amount of information (RAM)

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working memory

manipulates whatever is in short-term memory (visuospatial sketchpad/phonological loop)

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multi-store model

information passes through 3 stages as it is saved: sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

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encoding

automatic and effortful processing (different methods can be used)

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chunking

grouping terms

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rehearsal

retaining something through practice

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serial position effect

we remember first (primacy) and last (recency) elements of a list the most, we forget middle

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method of loci

picture yourself in a location, and place objects into specific places in that location (so you can remember the objects)

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flashbulb memories

atypically clear memories processed through amygdala (first kiss)

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retrograde amnesia

can’t recall past memories

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anterograde amnesia

can’t form new memories

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alzheimers

brain cells die, you lose memory

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maintenance rehearsal

to keep info active in your short term memory

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elaborative rehearsal

connecting new info to old

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structural encoding

shallow; physical appearance