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place theory
pitch is determined by the part of the ear that the sound hits
frequency theory
pitch = frequency of neural impulses
volley theory
groups of neurons fire in rapid succession (out of phase), to sense high frequency sounds
conduction deafness
(big deaf) damage to outer + middle ear (mechanics, can be fixed by surgery)
sensorineural (nerve) deafness
(small deaf) damage to the hair cells (caused by loud noise, fixed by cochlear implant)
outer ear
ear canal, drum (everything you can touch)
middle ear (bones)
these vibrate, amplifying the sound: ossicles, oval window
inner ear
cochlea, auditory nerve
ossicles
hammer, anvil, stirrup
cochlea
basilar membrane, hair cells
audition transduction pathway
auditory nerve → thalamus → temporal lobe
auditory agnosia
can’t tell speech from non speech
auditory verbal agnosia
can’t understand meaning of words
sound localization
we know where the sound is coming from (hits one ear before other)
nearsight
can’t see far away (light falls in front of retina)
farsight
can’t see nearby (light falls behind retina)
blindspot
when light is reflected where the optic nerve hits the eye (everyone has this)
di/monochromatism
only one or two types of working cones
prosopragnosia
can’t recognize faces
blindsight
can’t see but react to visual stimuli
hue
light wavelengths
intensity
light amplitude
retina
light-sensitive (rods + cones)
lens
behind retina: focuses images
accomodation
lens change shape to focus
trichromatic theory
cones process color: red, green, blue
opponent process theory
opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision
fovea
focal point of retina where cones are
afterimage
what you see after staring @ bright light
ganglion cells
eye nerve cells transmit info from eye to brain
olfaction
smell
receptor cells on olfactory bulb, goes to amygdala + hippocampus
umami
tastes like protein
oleogustus
oily/fatty
gate control theory
the spinal cord is a gate that either allows or inhibits pain signals from reaching the brain
phantom limb syndrome
percieving feelings in amputated limb
kinesthetic sense
sensing position + orientation of body parts + handled by somatosensory cortex
vestibular
sensing body orientation (semicircular canals) + somatosensory cortex
absolute threshold
min stimulus needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
difference threshold
min change in stimulus needed to detect it 50% of time
weber’s law
two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage not amount (as intensity inc., diff threshold proportionally inc.)
sensory adaptation
insensitivity due to constant exposure to a stimulus (habituation is for behavior)
sensory interaction
5 senses → perception of the world (e.g. flavor = taste + smell)
pheromones
trigger specific behavioral or physiological responses in others of the same species
selective attention
focusing conscious attention on a stimulus
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects whenever attn. is directed elsewhere (gorilla)
change blindness
not noticing env. changes b/c attn. is elsewhere
perceptual set
a predisposition to percieve one thing and not another without having actually experienced the thing in question (taking a recommendation)
this can be replaced by experience
gestalt
make meaning of meaningless stimuli (outlet face)
figure ground
sorting things into fore and background
bottom up processing
senses → perception (accommodation)
top down processing
existing knowledge → perception (assimilation) (caramel onion)
schema
how you group info
cocktail party effect
focus on one auditory stimulus while filtering out background noise (eg lunchroom)
perceptual adaptation
if exposed to an inverted or altered visual field, you will adapt over time (drunk goggles)
schemas
learned concepts
retinal disparity
using the diff. btwn two images in each eye to find distance
perceptual constancy
a door is still a door even if it has apparently changed shape
algorithm
fool proof formula (slow)
heuristic
rule of thumb — fast but more error prone
representative heuristic
use a template of something you know and applying it (make assumptions) (top down processing)
availability heuristic
thinking based on info that pops into mind
mental set
something you’ve done in the past
approaching a problem with methods that have worked in the past
framing
advertising rhetoric (seared meat)
priming
exposure to a stimulus affects how someone will respond to a future stimulus
gambler’s fallacy
mistaken belief that random things won’t be random
sunk cost fallacy
tendency to continue investing time into something even though it is no longer beneficial (FBLA)
executive functioning
planning + smart things
creativity
making novel ideas or solutions
convergent thinking
process of elimination
divergent thinking
opposite of convergent (think outside of box)
schemas
mental molds to put concepts in (object ____s hold properties about objects)
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas (different representations of a tree are still a tree)
prototype
best example of a category (a crow is a birdier bird than a penguin)
functional fixedness
we only think things can be used for one purpose
recall
retrieving learned info (fill in the blank)
recognition
identifying things prev. learned (mult. choice)
relearning
is easier to do than the first time
memory
acquiring, storing, retrieving info
explicit (declarative memory)
recollecting facts + events
implicit (nondeclarative) memory
info stored and used unconcsciously (muscle memory)
episodic memory
memory of personal experiences
procedural memory
memory of how to perform things (tie a shoe)
prospective memory
remembering to perform a future action
semantic memory
general knowledge about the world (e.g. bush was a president)
long term potentiation
strength of synaptic connections are strengthened due to repeated stimulation (memories no accessed will disappear)
short term memory
can hold a small amount of information (RAM)
working memory
manipulates whatever is in short-term memory (visuospatial sketchpad/phonological loop)
multi-store model
information passes through 3 stages as it is saved: sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
encoding
automatic and effortful processing (different methods can be used)
chunking
grouping terms
rehearsal
retaining something through practice
serial position effect
we remember first (primacy) and last (recency) elements of a list the most, we forget middle
method of loci
picture yourself in a location, and place objects into specific places in that location (so you can remember the objects)
flashbulb memories
atypically clear memories processed through amygdala (first kiss)
retrograde amnesia
can’t recall past memories
anterograde amnesia
can’t form new memories
alzheimers
brain cells die, you lose memory
maintenance rehearsal
to keep info active in your short term memory
elaborative rehearsal
connecting new info to old
structural encoding
shallow; physical appearance