AP Psych Unit 3.1- Vocab Quiz #1

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classical conditioning

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48 Terms

1

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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2

acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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3

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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4

higher-order conditioning

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

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5

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

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6

biological preparedness

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

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7

Habituation

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

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8

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

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9

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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10

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

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11

instinctive drift

tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

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12

superstitious behavior

a behavior repeated because it seems to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary

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13

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

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14

vicarious conditioning

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

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15

insight learning

The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known

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16

cognitive maps

An internal representation of the spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings.

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17

Behavioral perspective

An approach to the study of psychology that focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior.

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18

fixed interval

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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19

Scalloped graph

The graphed pattern of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule

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20

Association

The basis of all learning is in what two things we group together, and how that triggers a response.

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21

associative learning

linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together

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22

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

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23

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

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24

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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25

conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

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26

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

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27

stimulus discrimination

a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus

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28

stimulus generalization

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

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29

taste aversion

a learned avoidance of a particular food

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30

orperant conditioning

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

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31

Reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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32

punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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33

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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34

postitive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

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35

negative reinforcement

increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs

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36

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

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reinforcement discrimination

The ability to distinguish between different stimuli and respond appropriately based on the presence or absence of reinforcement.

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38

reinforcement generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the original stimulus that was reinforced.

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39

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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40

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

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41

variable interval

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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42

fixed ratio

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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43

variable ratio

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

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44

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

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45

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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46

reinforcement schedules

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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47

one trial conditioning

with one exposure to the aversive stimulus being enough to end the behavior forever

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48

one trial learning

when conditioning occurs after a single experience involving relatively intense fear, pain, or sickness

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