Class 6 M 09/22/25: Augustus and the Principate (Start of The Empire)

Augustus

The title given to Octavian, meaning 'the revered one', marking the transition from Republic to Empire.

Pax Romana

A period of Roman peace lasting two centuries, associated with stability and order in the Empire.

Triumvirate

A political alliance of three leaders; in this context, referring to the Second Triumvirate formed by Octavian, Mark Anthony, and Lepidus.

Panem et Circenses

A Latin phrase meaning 'bread and circuses', referring to the practice of providing food and entertainment to maintain public satisfaction.

Battle of Actium

The decisive naval battle in 31 BCE where Octavian defeated Mark Anthony and Cleopatra, leading to their suicides.

Constitutional Settlement

Refers to the series of reforms Augustus implemented to solidify his power, notably in 27 BCE and 23 BCE.

Ara Pacis

The Altar of Peace built by Augustus, symbolizing peace achieved through military strength.

Virgil's Aeneid

An epic poem commissioned by Augustus, promoting his regime and ideals.

Clypius Virtutis

Bronze plates proclaiming virtues such as courage and justice established by Augustus as foundational values of his rule.

Imperium Proconsulare Maius

The supreme military command granted to Augustus, allowing him to overrule provincial governors.

Pontifex Maximus

The title of the head priest in ancient Rome, a role assumed by Augustus to control religious affairs.

Tiberius

Augustus's stepson and successor, who became emperor in 14 CE after Augustus's death.

Senate Restructuring

The process by which Augustus reduced the size of the Senate and altered its membership criteria.

Lepidus

A member of the Second Triumvirate who controlled less significant provinces compared to Octavian and Mark Anthony.

Divine lineage

Augustus' portrayal as having a connection to the divine, used for propaganda to legitimize his rule.

Mausoleum of Augustus

The burial site Augustus constructed within Rome, symbolizing his deep connection to the city.