Natural Science Term 3 Taxonomy Terms

Natural Science Term 3 - Classification

What is a species?

A group with similar characteristics that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Are hybrids species?

no

Examples of Hybrids

Ligers, mules and lichen

What is phylogeny?

evolutionary history and relationships among a group of organisms

What is extant?

opposite of extinct; still alive today

What are cladistics?

biological classification based on the most common recent ancestor

What is a cladogram?

A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among species based on shared characteristics.

What is a bifurcation?

a splitting in species on a cladogram

What is taxonomy?

the science of classifying organisms

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

A two-part naming system for species

What are the two parts of Binomial Nomenclature?

The genus name and the specific epithet

Why is Binomial Nomenclature used?

to avoid ambiguity and show evolutionary relationships

Name the 8 hierarchal classifications in order

Domains, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What are the six kingdoms?

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Eubacteria, Protista, Archaebacteria

What are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes: without a nucleus, and no membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotes: With a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

What are the two bifurcations of prokaryotes?

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Characteristics of kingdom Protista

Unicellular or multicellular without specialised tissues, include algae and protozoa

Characteristics of kingdom fungi

lack chlorophyll, saprotrophic (eat dead things), cell walls made of chitin, immobile

Characteristics of kingdom Animalia

multicellular, heterotrophic, lack cell walls, and capable of locomotion

Characteristics of kingdom plantae

multicellular, autotrophic, cell walls made of cellulose, capable of photosynthesis.

Characteristics of Bryohpyta

non-vascular plants that do not possess true roots, stems or leaves. Small and restricted to moist, terrestrial environments

Examples of Bryophyta

Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Characteristics of Tracheophyta

Vascular plants with true roots, stems and leaves with stomata

Characteristics of Pteridophyta

Seedless vascular plants with true roots, stems and leaves. Reproduce via spores, not seeds

Examples of Pteridophyta

ferns, horsetails

Characteristics of Gymnosperms

Vascular plants with cones. Lack enclosed seed chambers (fruits).

Examples of Gymnosperms

Pines, Cycads

Characteristics of Angiosperms

•The flowering plants

•Seeds in specialised reproductive structures called flowers.

•Female reproductive ovary develops into a fruit.

•Pollination usually via wind or animals.

Classes of Angiospermophyta

Monocot and Dicot

Characteristics of Monocot

1 cotyledon, parallel vein pattern, vascular tissue in stem is scattered, root system is fibrous, flower in 3’s

Characteristics of Dicot

2 cotyledon, branching vein pattern with mid rib vein, vascular tissue in stem is ring pattern, root system is tap root system, flower in 4/5’s.

Characteristics of Porifera

Aquatic, No nervous circulatory system, sessile, asymmetrical, asexual, filter feeders

Example of Porifera

Sponges

Characteristics of Cnidaria

Two basic body prints, polyp (reproductive) and medusa (jellyfish), alternate between, all aquatic mostly marine, motile

Characteristics of Mollusca

Aquatic/terrestrial, soft body with mantle, no segmentation, radula, aquatic gills

Examples of Mollusca

Snails, lobster

Characteristics of Platyhelminthes

Flat-bodied, unsegmented worms, bilaterally symmetrical, parasitic, no coelom, mouth no anus

Example of Platyhelminthes

Flatworms, (tapeworm)

Characteristics of Nematoda

•Uniformly cylindrical

•Elongated body tapered at both ends

•Unsegmented

•Many are parasitic

Example of Nematoda

Hoookworm

Characteristics of Annelida

•Cylindrical

•Segmented body

•Have chaetae (bristles).

•Move using hydrostatic skeleton and/or parapodia (appendages)

Example/s of Annelida

Polychaete worms, earthworms and leeches

Characteristics of Arthropoda

•Exoskeletons made of chitin.

•Grow in stages after molting (ecdysis).

•Jointed appendages.

•Segmented bodies.

Open circulation system

Most have compound eyes.

Classes of Arthropoda (example each)

•Crustacea e.g. prawn

•Insecta e.g. insects

•Arachnida e.g. spiders and scorpions

•Diplopoda - Millipedes

•Chilopoda - Centipedes

Characteristics of Echinodermata

•Rigid body walls

•Internal skeleton made of calcareous plates.

•Many have spines.•

•Marine

•Tube feet for locomotion.

Classes of Echinodermata (example each)

•Asteroidea e.g. sea stars

•Ophiuroidea e.g. brittle stars

•Echinoidea e.g. sea urchins

•Crinoidea e.g. feather star

•Holothuroidea e.g. sea cucumbers

What 4 characteristics do all organisms of phylum Chordata possess (at the same time) in some point in their life

•A notochord – support structure/backbone

•A hollow dorsal nerve cord – becomes central nervous system in vertebrates

••Pharyngeal slits – develop into structures such as jaw and ear bones

•A post-anal tail – self explanatory

Characteristics of subphylum Cephalochordata

•Fish-like marine chordates

•Provide indications about evolutionary origins of vertebrates

They do possess some cartilage-like material stiffening the gill slits, mouth, and tail, they have no true skeleton

Examples of Cephalochordata

Lancelets

Characteristics of Tunicata

•The Tunicates are marine invertebrate animals.

•Larval stage possess notochord, nerve chord, tail and pharyngeal gill slits.

Examples of Tunicate

Doliolida

Characteristics/Examples of CLASS Agnatha

•The jawless fishes

•Includes hagfish and lampreys

Characteristics of Chondrichthyes

•The cartillaginous fishes.

•Have jaws made of bone.

•Skeleton of cartilage.

•No swim bladder.

•All aquatic (mostly marine).

Examples of Chondrichthyes

Sharks, Rays, Skates

Characteristics of Osteichthyes

•The bony fish.

•Have true internal skeleton made of bone

•Have a swim bladder

•All aquatic (both fresh and marine)

Examples of Osteichthyes

Fish, eels, seahorses

Characteristics of Amphibia

•Lungs in adult

•4 Appendages

•Juveniles may have gills (retained in some adults e.g. axolotl)

•Ectotherms with smooth, moist skin.

•Gas exchange also through skin.

•Aquatic and damp terrestrial.

•Aquatic larval stage.

•Naked eggs (no shells).

Examples of Amphibia

Amphibians, newts, salamanders, froggies, toads

Characteristics of Reptilia

•Ectotherms

•4 Appendages (lost in snakes)

•No larval stages

•Teeth are all the same type

•Eggs with soft leathery shell

•Mostly terrestrial.

•Watertight skin with scales.

Examples of Reptilia

Snakes, lizards, crocs, turtles, tortoise

Characteristics of Aves

•Terrestrial endotherms

•Eggs with hard, calcareous shell

•Strong, light skeleton.

•High metabolic rate.

•Digestive and respiratory systems that are uniquely adapted for flight.

•Horny scales on feet, feathers and wings, no teeth.

Examples of Aves

Literally any bird

Characteristics of Mammalia

•Endotherms.

•Hair or fur.

•Mammary glands produce milk.

•External ear.

•Teeth are of different types.

•Diaphragm between thorax and abdomen

Subclasses of Mammalia (with description and examples)

•Monotremes – lay eggs (i.e. echidna and platypus)

•Marsupials – give birth to live, very immature young that then develop in a pouch (e.g. kangaroo, koala, etc)

•Placentals – Have a placenta and give birth to live, well developed young (e.g. humans, rhinos)