A Level PE Globalisation in sport

emergence of the globalisation of sport in the 21st century

time zones

<1780 = pre industrial Britain

→ first half of industrial Britain

1850

→ second half of industrial Britain

1900

2023/4 → modern day

pre 1780

society of two their class feudal system - Lower and higher

Feudal system

a way of structuring society around a relationship derived from holding land in exchange for service or labour

Lower class pre 1780

• widespread illiteracy

• cruel and violent existence

• very long working hours - agricultural calendar

• people lived in countryside/ rural areas (land)

• communication and transport limited

Upper class - lived in comfort and luxury

Popular recreation

the sport and pastimes of people in preindustrial Britain

characteristics of popular recreation

• long working hours for lower class left limited time for recreation leading to occasional ‘events’ - harsh society

• annual events as there was a break in the agricultural calendar, festivals or holy days

• limited transport meant that recreation was localised to the communities they lived in using areas available to them

more characteristics of popular recreation - don’t be overwhelmed

• due to illiteracy, rules were basic some different in different areas and not able to communicate properly - limited rules

• male dominated and very aggressive meant damage to property and injuries to participants

• upper classes would place wagers on these mob games

• very few rules

mob games

• mob games

  → often unlimited no of players

  → no time limits

  → no officials

Popular recreation

MOB FOOTBALL

• it was very rural in nature as people lived in the countryside, pitch was simply fields

• played occasionally on holy days e.g shrove Tuesday so not very often

• very few rules

• male dominated and violent

why was mob football banned

• eventually banned for a variety of reasons:

  → violent and unruly game

  → game led to injury or death

  → damaged property

  → involved gambling/ wagers

  → linked to alcohol and drunken behaviour

Pre industrial popular recreation - pre 1780

REAL TENNIS

• also known as ‘royal tennis’ or ‘sport of kings’

• urban

• not typical for people to play real tennis

• exclusive to upper class males of society e.g Henry VIIIPPU

Upper class were …

• Educated so rules were more complicated - intentional to keep it a high class recreation

Characteristics of real tennis

• played to a high morale code (teamwork/respect)

• rules complicated - illiterate can’t play

• upperclass have lots of leisure time so played often

• purpose, expensive facilities built

• specialist equipment produced e.g rackets

• easier for upperclass to travel - not local as they had transport so would travel to play

• not violent - has etiquette, sophisticated and skilful

• fact that upper class could play showed superiority over the lower class

Popular recreation

pre industrial - pre 1780

Athletics

made a sport from a functional job

• foot walking or pedestrianism

• footmen/ servants raced to see who could run across the land the fastest

• upper class placed wagers on how many miles they could cover in a certain amount of time

• races evolved allowing running and some challenge rules

• patrons because success meant increased social status for a gentleman

• gentry would put on races and provide money for success

Patrons

A member of the gentry who looked after a lower class performer

foot racing

a form of competitive running/walking involving feats of endurance

popular recreation

athletics

more characteristics

• events included running, hurdles, football and cycling

• prizes were awarded by upper class patrons for successful performers

• most performers were lower class

• rules were simple/ unwritten

• events were local with people from neighbouring villages joining in

• annual competition

• in rural location

• betting occurred with wagers being placed on races

industrial + post industrial development of sport 1780-1900

popular recreation —> rational recreation

sport became more organised and controlled, more rules

recreation evolved reflecting on society changes

rational recreation

• a level of order

• logical

• structured

Characteristic of industrialisation:

poor health

1700-1850

impact on recreation - more illness, less people to play

lack of income

struggle to buy equipment/ facilities

long working days

no leisure time to play sport/ tired from the long days of work

lack of public provision

no facilities or equipment for lower class

(public provision= provided publicly for, e.g council)

migration of lower class into urban areas

• less space fr recreational pastimes

loss of rights, changes in criminal laws

restricted to mob games + blood sports due to criminal activity

Wenlock olympic games

• William Penny Brookes - Started the games

  Games started october 1850

  Activities such as quoitus, running, hurdles, cricket, football and various athletic events were included  

  People of the lower class in wenlock were who participated 

  Events were held at crystal palace 

  Reflected society at the time as the events were participated by the lower class and the upper class would profit by wagering on the events that took place, offered prizes to the successful participants encouraging participants to involve, successful participants had a promotion in status ETC

  
  

industrial and post industrial Britain 1780-1900

social and cultural factors shaped the characteristics of, and participation, in sport between 1780-1900 in Britain

Urbanisation

large numbers of people moved to urban areas in order to work in the new factories that were built. This meant that there was less space to participate in physical activity due to the cramped living conditions

• lack of space meant facilities being purposely built

• large working class population demanded mass entertainment

• loss of traditional sports like mob games were banned due to society becoming more civilised

• change in working conditions as time passed conditions improved allowing better health care and more time to participate

• industrial patronage - factory teams set up - Industrial patronage

  Kind factory owners became patrons of sport for the working class

  This led to provision in facilities and time for recreation and to play sport

• increase in wages - offered by factories over time

• more time for sport - due to factory acts, decreased working hours as Saturdays were now half days
  
  

development of national governing bodies

ex public school boys developed national governing bodies which provided structure for the sports they played. This led to the development codified rules which were standardised and the development of national fixtures and leagues

• NGBs were developed in the mid-to-late nineteenth century

• The FA in 1863

• The RFU in 1871

• They were created because

  • Sport was becoming ever more popular so more teams and clubs were being created

  • National and international fixtures were being created

  • National rules had to be created so that everyone played under the same rules

  • They helped to maintain the ‘amateur ideal’ dealing with early professionalism and commercialisation within the middle/upper classes

three tier class system

• the middle class emerged and created a three tier class system. It was made of people known as clergymen and merchants who were given more respect from the upperclass. They took part in lots of recreation and helped to develop modern sports through the creation of public schools and national governing bodies.

• Ex-public school boys now participating in sport this was through:

  • Industries

  • The Church 

• The values of athleticism spread to the lower class

  • Physical endeavour went hand in hand with moral integrity 

    • ‘working hard gets results’

  • Always trying hard and working to the best of your ability

  • Wanting to win but taking part within the spirit of the game

• Middle classed people

  • Business men who took advantage of new business opportunities

  • Sport was now more respected and accepted

  • This changed the way sport was played and brought it more inline with upper class 

    • Moral code

    • Strict rules

    • Leagues and competitions

    • Facilities/public parks provided

    • More time off work

The middle class helped to improve facilities and sporting provision for the working class 

• Codification – making rules and creating NGB’s (FA – 1863, RFU – 1871, LTA – 1888)

• Competitions – making leagues in and from public schools, universities, churches, clubs, NGBs and factories

• Public provision – philanthropists created facilities

• Increased leisure time – middle class owned the factories so allowed more and more time off for their employees

• Move to ‘professionalism’ – They were the first versions of agents, promoters, team directors and chairmen

Transport

an improvement in transport, particularly in railways allowed teams and spectators to travel across the nation to play and watch their sports. This in turn led to a structured approach to sport and allowed spectators to follow their teams.

• Improvements in transport and communication

  • Development of roads

  • Steam trains

  • Cost of travel decreased 

  • All of these influenced the distance spectators and players could travel

  • For this reason leagues were established

  • Results and fixtures could be published in the newspapers of the time

• Movement of teams/spectators  Isambard Brunel invented the steam train and over time these became quicker and quicker. This lead to national leagues and fixtures on a regular basis

• Improved access to different parts of the country  meant teams travelled further meaning that rules needed to be unified 

• Cheaper train travel 

• Improved access to countryside activities such as rambling were now more accessible due to train travel

Communication

improved literacy rates and development in the printed press (telegrams etc) allowed people to follow sporting activity more closely. This encouraged more popes to participate both as performers and spectators

Churches and local authorities

churches set up their own teams which took part in respectable forms of recreation in an attempt to improve moral functioning. They also dissuaded participation in popular recreation

• The church promoted social control (improved behaviour) through ‘civilised activities’

• This diverted people away from drinking and gambling

• The church provided facilities which was ‘improving the morality’ of the working class

• Sport helped to promote these good Christian values

• Also helped to increase the number of churchgoers by creating sporting teams (Villa Cross Methodist Church >>>> Aston Villa)

industrial revolution/ provision through factories

At first industrialisation meant there was no time for recreation/ reduced time for sports as a result of increased working hours in the factories. There was also reduced space as many workers moved to urban industrial sites for work. However, the middle class began to see the benefits that sports had on their working staff and encouraged participation. Half days on Saturdays, along with increased leisure time helped to increase participation rates.

• Health and hygiene improved through public provision  

  • Public baths were provided so cleanliness improved through the Municipal Reform Act

  • Gradual improvements of living conditions

  • Both of these helped to stop the spread of disease

  • This enabled more energy and willingness to participate in sport

wash houses act 1846 passed through to create public washing facilities

Created public baths after the wash houses act in 1846

• This eventually led to first and second class facilities which reflected social classes

• It was a means of social control that deterred people from drinking and gambling

• This is where swimming eventually came from as a sport for the working class

Status of amateur and professional performers

upper class were amateurs while the lower class were professionals. Professionals were banned from playing in some competitions, while high membership fees kept clubs exclusive to the upper class

The British empire

The British empire spread the popularity of sports being played at home to the colonies. this largely occurred as ex public school boys took up the leading roles in the military and spread the games that they had played at school

The British Empire comprised of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states

Changing role of women in sport

women had less opportunity to participate as sport was perceived as masculine and physical which led many to believe it wasn’t suitable for women. women were also affected by their class, with upper and middle class participating in rational recreation and the lower class restricted by disposable income. Rational recreation characterised by rules and skill was seen as more socially acceptable by women

Factory acts

The Factory Acts were a series of UK labour law Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to regulate the conditions of industrial employment. The early Acts concentrated on regulating the hours of work and moral welfare of young children employed

How did sport spread across the British Empire?

• Clergy – Church teams created and became missionaries that took sport around the world

• Officers in the army – sport played in the services across the empire

• NGBs – (e.g. RFU, The FA) from the codification of sport where national leagues were created. Eventually this spread to international fixtures and competitions

• Diplomats – They travelled the world and spread sport

• Industrialists/Factory Owners – gave time off for workers to play national and international sport

• Teachers – Teams developed and traditional sporting values created in schools throughout the empire

factors effecting NGB

• maintenance, control and organisation of sport

• maintain amateur ideal - threats of professionalism and commercialism

• more leagues required

• more fixtures required

• more clubs forming

• codification required - public schools, areas of the country

Characteristics of rational recreation and cultural factors that influenced their development

• gambling controlled - increased law and order in capitalist economy

• regional- national - international - improved transport

• respectable (fair play) - emergence of new middle class, public school influence of no violence

• purpose built facilities - lack of space, industrial patronage

• rule based (codification) - NGB, administrated, literate society

• revolutions - urban/ industrial

• regular - increased free time, improved transport

• amateurism and professionalism - class structure, spectatorism

• religion - muscular christianity, influence over free time