Psyc CH4 - Classical conditioning

Behaviorist approaches to learning

Theories that propose learning occurs by interacting with the external environment

Classical conditioning

A process of learning through the involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and an uncontrolled stimulus that results in a conditioned response

Before conditioning

The first stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus has no association and therefore does not produce any significant response

Neutral stimulus

The stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning

Unconditioned stimulus

The stimulus that produces an unconditioned response

Unconditioned response

A naturally occurring behavior in response to stimulus

During conditioning

The second stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, producing the unconditioned response

After conditioning

The third stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

The stimulus (originally the neutral stimulus) that produces a conditioned response after being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

The response that occurs involuntarily after the conditioned stimulus is presented

Operant conditioning

A three-phase learning process that involves am antecedent, behavior, and consequence, whereby the consequence of a behavior determines the likelihood that it will reoccur.

Antecedent

The stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behavior

Behavior

The voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent

Consequence

The outcome of the behavior, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again

Reinforcement

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring

Positive reinforcement

The addition of a desirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring

Negative reinforcement

The removal of an undesirable stimulus, which in turn increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring

Punishment

A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring

Positive punishment

The addition of an undesirable stimulus, which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring

Negative punishment

The removal of a desirable stimulus, which in turn decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring

Social-cognitive approaches to learning

Theories that propose learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes

Observational learning

A process of learning that involves watching the behavior of a model and the associated consequence of that behavior

Model

In relation to observational learning an individual who is performing the behavior that is being observed

Attention

The first stage of observational learning in which individuals actively focus on the model’s behavior and the consequences of the behavior

Retention

The second stage of observational learning in which the individuals create a mental representation to remember the models demonstrated behavior

Reproduction

The third stage of observational learning in which the individual must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behavior

Motivation

The fourth stage of observational learning in which the individual must want to reproduce the behavior

Reinforcement

The fifth stage of observational learning in which the individual receives a positive consequence for the behavior which makes them more likely to reproduce the behavior again in the future

Systems of knowledge

Knowledge and skills are biased on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings and in turn , inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity

Country

Traditional lands pf a particular language or cultural group, including both geographical boundaries and the spiritual, emotional, and intellectual connections to and within it