APUSH UNIT 3

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

• Native discontent with British policies and actions in Fort Detroit.

• British restricted their trade and didn’t provide guns for them

• Pontiac's leadership in attacking Fort Detroit 3000 natives attacked.

• Spread of Native resistance

• British won

Seven Years War Causes

• Dispute over land in Ohio river valley

• France set up forts along the valley to prevent expansion into west.

• plantation owners want to move west to produce tobaccoo

Seven Years War

• War between French and British

• Algonquians sided with French, Iroquois sided with Britain

• Albany Plan of Union (1754) - created by Ben Franklin to organize an intercolonial government - including a system to collect taxes & recruit troops

• France had previous trade relationships with Native tribes

• Diseases and wars forced Native Americans to remake themselves/ piece tribes together through tribalization

Treaty of Paris (signed in 1973)

• France surrendered nearly all of its claims

• Native Americans of the region rejected the notion that France had the authority to cede their lands to the British

• End of Seven Years War

British Victory

• British see’s the colonies as a weak fighting force

• Colonies see British as under experienced (fighting in the unknown territorya)

• Increase of British debt - LED TO THE END OF SALUTARY NEGLECT - British needed money from the colonies to increase the nation’s revenue

• Disagreements arose over taxation, expansion, & relations to the Natives

Royal Proclamation of 1763

• Reaction to Pontiac’s rebellion by King George III

• Drew a boundary line in the Appalachian Mountains & forbade colonists from settling the lands west of the line

• British hoped to neutralize conflict between white settlers & Natives

• Thousands of colonists defied the law, moving westward to claim land for themselves

Townshend Acts (1767)

• Taxes on imports of glass, tea, lead, and paint

• Courts were created to prosecute violators

• Unleashed protest in colonies - colonists argued that British Parliament did not have the right to tax them because they lacked representation in the legislative body

Stamp Act (1765)

• levied taxes on all printed material

• Affected those who were most politically active

• Provoked so much unrest, Britain was forced to repeal it

Sugar Act (1764) -

• raised prices demanded for sweeteners like molasses and sugar 

• Significant because molasses was used to make gin

Quartering Act (1765)

• - required colonial citizens to provide room & board for British soldiers stationed in America

Declaratory Act (1766)

eplaced the Stamp Act - maintained the right of the crown to tax the colonies as Parliament’s authority was identical in North America and Britain

Colonist Reaction to taxes and acts

• Stamp Act Congress (1765) - petition to repeal the act - FIRST UNIFIED COLONIAL RESPONSE TO BRITISH POLICY - Stamp Act repealed in 1766

• Assemblies of New York & Massachusetts rejected the right of taxation

• Colonists organized boycotts of British goods & violent protest towardofficials (tarring & feathering)

• Nonimportation Agreement - suspended all imports of British goods

  • Purpose: to rally opposition to British policies, to educate townspeople about the Constitutional rights, & to encourage townspeople to become politically active

  • British response: sending naval & military officials to Boston to enforce acts

• Sons & Daughters of Liberty - group of Patriot activists who intimidated tax collectors, burned warehouses holding British imports, & enforced boycotts of British goods

Intolerable Acts

• series of four laws passed by the British to punish Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party.

• british occupied boston

• Shut down boston port

• Quebec Act- allowing french to expand its borders no allowing colonist in ohio river valley.

First Continental Congress (1774)

• Colonies disagreed on boycotting british goods

• Sputhern colonies depended on exports to britian for their economy

• All colonies except Georgia sent delegates

• Goal: develop strategy for addressing grievances, formulate colonial position on relationship between royal government and colonial governments

• Came up with list of laws colonists wanted repealed

• Agreed to impose boycott on British goods until grievances were redressed

Boston Tea Party

• Sons of Liberty destroyed 342 chests of tea imported from the British East India Company

  • Caused British to punish Boston & the colony of Massachusetts severely

  • British troops sent to occupy Boston

  • Shut down Boston’s port

  • Shut down Massachusetts’ legislative assembly 

  • Appointed General Thomas Gage as governor - broadly expanded his power

Olive Branch Petition

• 1775 statement by the Continental Congress

• Reasserted colonial loyalty to King George III and asked him to intervene with Parliament on the colonies behalf

• King refused to recognize the Congress’ legitimacy to make such a request

Declaration of the Causes & Necessities for Taking Up Arms

• Published by the Continental Congress in 1775

• Justified the raising of a colonial military force & urged King George III to consider colonial grievances 

The Enlightenment

• Ideas of individual rights, separation of powers, and religious freedom.

• Examples ofenlightenment philosphers Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Thomas Jefferson

John Locke

• Enlightenment philosepher

• (natural rights) & separation of powers)influenced republicanism, democracy, individual rights, the separation of powers, and science over religion (deism)

• Believed in the social contract between the government and the governed

• Contact allowed the government to govern while protecting the rights of life, liberty, and property

• Locke argued that if natural rights weren’t granted, citizens had the right & responsibility to abolish the government

• Enlightenment ideas influenced ben franklin, alexander hamilton, james madison, john adams, thomas jefferson

Common Sense by Thomas Paine (1776)

• argued that it was contrary to common sense for the large land of America to be governed by the tiny England 

  • Argued for a republican form of government - emphasis on equality

  • Frowned upon hereditary passing of power

The Great Awakening

• Emphasized individual salvation

• Rejection of the Anglican Church

• Questioned the dependency on authority to connect to God - this reflected in a political sense

The Declaration of Independence

• Second Continental Congress - assembly of delegates from the 13 colonies that passed the Declaration of Independence & the Articles of Confederation 

• Declaration contained a preamble that heavily reflected Enlightenment ideas about natural rights as well as 27 grievances and wrongdoings aimed at the Crown and English Parliament

Republican Motherhood

• Because a woman’s role in the household was to educate their sons to be politically active citizens, women needed increased education in order to do so

  • This created a shift in the social status of women

Treaty of Paris (1783)

• Ended the American Revolutionary War

• America promised not to punish loyalists 

• Geographic boundaries of the British Empire & the United States

• Recognized the US as an independent state

• US agreed to pay back debts to British merchants

Articles of Confederation (1781

• No executive branch of government - didn’t want to create a “too centralized federal government”

• Federal government did not have the power to regulate commerce or levy taxes, no judicial branch, all states had to agree upon amendments

• This created competition & disagreements between states about tariffs & whether they should charge each other

Land Ordinance of 1785

• Established the basis for the Public Land Survey System in which settlers could purchase land in the undeveloped west

• Allowed government to sell land in the West in order to pay of national debt

• Government could organize this land into townships & plots of land for public schools

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Established guidelines for statehood 

  • 60,000 people

  • Banned slavery to the North of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi

• One successful act under the Articles of Confederation

Shay’s Rebellion (1787)

• Rebellion led by farmer Daniel Shay 

• Uprising against tax and debt collection

• Rebellion crushed by the state army

• Showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation & spurred the Constitutional Convention

Creation of Constitution

• Virginia plan

  -favored larger states

  - called for representation in both legislative bodies to be based on population

  New Jersey plan

  - favored smaller states

  - called for equal representation in the legislative branch 

  Connecticut Compromise

• - proposal that one legislative body would be based on population & the other would have equal representation 

• Bill of Rights - first 10 amendments of the Constitution 

  • Created to secure the support of Anti-Federalists in the ratification of the Constitution by explicitly stating individual rights and state sovereignty 

• System of checks and balances between the legislative, executive, & judiciary branches

• Electoral college

• - compromise at the Constitutional Convention regarding how to elect the president

  • electors cast votes as representatives of their states, which delegates believed would protect the election process from corruption and the influence of factions (political parties)

3/5 Compromise

• Three-fifths Compromise - slave population would be counted as ⅗ of it’s actuarial population (Southern states had so many slaves that they wanted slave population to count toward total population)

Federalist Papers

Collection of papers written in the late 1780s urging the ratification of the Constitution

Whiskey Rebellion (1791)

• Test of the government’s power under the new Constitution

• Excise officials sent to collect the text were faced with refusal and violence

• Farmers in Western Pennsylvania rebelled over being taxed on distilled liquors such as whiskey

• Quickly defeated - proved central government’s power to stop rebellions & maintain peace

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

• Established the doctrine of judicial review - first legal case in which US Supreme Court first ruled an act of Congress as unconstitutional

  • Judicial review - power of the courts to examine the actions of the legislative and executive branches and determine whether their actions are consistent with the Constitution

• Sparked by Adam’s midnight justice appointment to keep court ruled by the Federalist party

National Bank of the United States

• Proposed by Alexander Hamilton 

• Established in 1791 to serve as a repository for federal funds & as the government’s fiscal agent

• Opposed by Thomas Jefferson on Constitutional grounds

Political Parties

• Federalists - supported a strong national government & the ratification of the Constitution 

• Democratic-Republicans - founded by Anti-Federalists and agrarian interests 

  • Deeply committed to the principles of republicanism which they feared were being threatened by the aristocratic tendencies of the Federalists

  • Wanted increased power for the state governments (feared a strong centralized power)

  • Opposed the ratification of the Constitution (especially without the Bill of Rights)

  • Opposed the national bank

Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793

• Declaration of neutrality of America in the ongoing conflicts between Britain & France resulting from the French Revolution

• Supported by George Washington & Hamilton who believed that America was too young & had too much debt to aide another nation in war

• Opposed by Jefferson & Madison

Jay’s Treaty

• Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in 1794

• Realized several American economic goals (like removing British forts from the Northwest Territory)

• Britain benefited - gave British trading rights & allowed them to continue anti-French maritime policies

• Angered the French & Democratic-Republicans

Pickney’s Treaty

• Treaty between the US and Spain that was ratified in 1796

• Negotiated a settlement of boundary, right of navigation along the Mississippi River, and right to deposit goods for transportation at the Port of New Orleans 

• Spanish made negotiations in order to avoid an alliance between the US and Britain

Farewell Address

• Open letter by George Washington in 1797

• Urged against permanent alliances & political parties/ sectionalism

XYZ Affair

Three French diplomats demanded a large sum of money as a loan and additional birbes from an American diplomatic delegation just as an opportunity to speak with French officials - delegation refused to comply