AP European History - Unit 2: The Age of Reformation

These flashcards cover key concepts, events, and figures from the Age of Reformation, including the five solas, Protestant reformers, the Catholic Counter-Reformation, and specific historical events.

What are the five solas of Martin Luther?

Sola gratia (grace alone), sola fide (faith alone), sola scriptura (scripture alone), solus Christus (Christ alone), soli Deo Gloria (glory to God alone).

What did Christian humanists strive for?

To reform the Church rather than abolish it.

Who were the main reformers that spread beliefs about Catholic abuses?

Martin Luther and John Calvin.

What was the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

A movement that revived the Church and enacted reforms in response to the Protestant Reformation.

What was the goal of magisterial reform?

To gain greater control over religious life and morality by monarchs and princes.

What did the Edict of Nantes allow in France?

Religious pluralism to maintain peace.

Who was Martin Luther?

A priest and former Augustinian friar who initiated the Protestant Reformation.

What caused Martin Luther to write the 95 Theses?

His strong opposition to the sale of indulgences.

What was the Diet of Worms?

A council where Martin Luther was excommunicated and placed under the ban of the empire.

What does 'sola scriptura' mean in Protestantism?

Scripture alone has sole authority, understood by one's conscience.

How does Catholicism view salvation?

Salvation through faith and good works under the church's direct supervision.

What is the Lutheran view of faith?

Salvation through faith alone.

How did Ulrich Zwingli influence the Reformation?

By advocating reliance on scripture and close work with civil authorities.

What sparked the German Peasant Revolt of 1525?

Widespread dissatisfaction with socio-economic conditions.

What was Luther's view on marriage?

Marriage was the only remedy for lust and was viewed as a contract.

How did Calvinism differ from Lutheranism?

Calvinism had a more far-reaching effect and emphasized predestination.

What is predestination in Calvinism?

The belief that whether one goes to Heaven or purgatory is determined before birth.

Which monarchs took advantage of religious upheaval?

New monarchs like those in Spain, France, and England.

What is the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?

An agreement that allowed Northern and Central Germany to remain Lutheran while Southern states remained Catholic.

What impact did the Reformation have on England?

England broke with the Church, leading to the formation of the Anglican Church.

Who was Henry VIII and what did he do?

The king who removed the Church from papal jurisdiction due to the Pope's refusal to annul his marriage.

What was the role of Catherine de' Medici during the French Reformation?

She controlled her weak sons and influenced the monarchy during civil violence.

How did the Habsburgs impact the Holy Roman Empire during the Reformation?

They struggled to maintain unity and faced challenges from Protestant states.

What did Charles V seek to defend?

The Catholic faith within the Holy Roman Empire.

What were the Habsburg-Valois Wars?

Conflicts in Italy and South Germany that weakened the Habsburgs.

What does anticlericalism refer to?

Opposition to the clergy or hierarchical religious leadership.

Who was Ignatius Loyola?

Founder of the Jesuits, an influential order within the Counter-Reformation.

What was the significance of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

A pivotal event of violence against Huguenots in France.

What did the Council of Trent do?

Clarified Catholic doctrine and addressed abuses in the Church.

Who were the Anabaptists?

A radical Protestant group that advocated for the complete separation of religion from the state.