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phylo
means origin, source, birth in greek
genesis
origin, source, birth
branch
represents a lineage or a line of descent
root
most ancestral branch in the tree
tip
endpoint of a branch, living or extinct
outgroup
a taxon that diverged before the taxa that are the focus of the study
node
branching point that represents the most recent common ancestor
dichotomy
a branching point (node) where a single lineage splits into exactly two distinct descendant lineages
polytomy
a branching point (node) where MORE than two lineages split from a single ancestor, looking like a pitchfork instead of the usual two-way split
synapomorphies
shared derived characteristic
monophyly
an ancestor and all of its descendants
paraphyly
includes ancestor and SOME of its descendants
polyphyly
a group of organisms grouped together based on superficial similarities (like "warm-blooded" or "flying") that evolved independently (convergent evolution), meaning the group lacks their most recent common ancestor and its other descendants
ex. elephants, rhinos, hippos
SINES
single interspersed nuclear elements
non-coding DNA sequences that act as "jumping genes" (retrotransposons) by copying and pasting themselves throughout the genome