BIOSTATISTICS 1

Biostatistics

__ are the development and application of statistical methods to a wide range of topics in biology

Biostatistics

it encompasses the of biological experiments, the collection and analysis of data from those experiments and the interpretation of the results.

Gregor Mendel

he started the genetics studies investigating genetics segregation patterns in families of peas and used statistics to explain the collected data

Francis Galton

he made the theory of "Law of Ancestral Heredity”

William Bateson

he said that genetic inheritance were exclusively from the parents, half from each of them

Ronald Fisher

he developed several basic statistical methods in support of his work studying the crop experiments

Sewall G. Wright

he developed F-statistics and methods of computing them and defined inbreeding coefficient

Descriptive and Inferential

two types of biostatistics

Descriptive Statistics

they are numbers that are used to summarize and describe data.

Data

it refers to the information that has been collected from an experiment, a survey, a historical record, etc

Mean, Media, Mode

types of descriptive statistics

Measures of Frequency

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Dispersion or Variation

Measures of Position

four major types of Descriptive Statistics

Example of Measure of Frequency

Count, Percent, Frequency

Example of Measure of Central Tendency

Mean, Median, and Mode

Example of Dispersion or Variation

Range, Variance, Standard Deviation

Example of Measure of Position

Percentile Ranks, Quartile Ranks

Inferential Statistics

it use a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make inferences about the population

Estimation and Hypothesis Testing

two main methods statistics

Variables

any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted. also be called a data item.

Independent, Dependent, Control

three types of variables in scientific experiment

Descriptive, Diagnostic, Predictive

types of Measurement

Descriptive

Purpose: To describe what is happening or the current state of a subject.

What It Does: Summarizes data without explaining why it happens.

Diagnostic

Purpose: To determine the causes of a condition or problem.

What It Does: Analyzes factors or reasons behind observed results.

Predictive

Purpose: To forecast future outcomes based on current or past data.

What It Does: Uses patterns and trends to make predictions.

Meristic or discrete variables

they are generally counts and can take on only discrete values. Normally they are represented by natural numbers

Continuous Variable

__ are those whose measurement precision is limited only by the investigator and his equipment.

Interval Scale Variables

it measured on an interval scale have values in which differences are uniform and meaningful but ratios will not be so.

Ratio Scale Variables

__ on a ratio scale have a meaningful zero point.

Circular Scale

When one measures annual dates, clock times and a few other forms of data, a circular scale is in use

Levels of Measurement

__ or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables”

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

one of four different levels of measurement

Nominal

it is a measurement scale, in which numbers serve as “tags” or “labels” only, to identify or classify an object. it normally deals only with non-numeric (quantitative) variables or where numbers have no value.

Ordinal

reports the ranking and ordering of the data without actually establishing the degree of variation between them. it h have naturally occurring orders and the difference between is unknown

Interval

only classifies and orders the measurements, but it also specifies that the distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to high interval

Ratio

it is a type of variable measurement scale which is quantitative in nature