BI210 Full Flashcards Review

These flashcards cover key terminology and concepts related to the respiratory system, blood and lymph, brain anatomy and functions, nervous tissue, and the spinal cord.

Respiration

Two meanings: (1) cellular process using O2 to produce energy + CO2/H2O, (2) ventilation—movement of air between lungs and atmosphere.

Inhalation (inspiration)

Movement of air into the lungs.

Exhalation (expiration)

Movement of air out of the lungs.

Major functions of the respiratory system

Ventilation, gas exchange, language production, choking prevention, immune protection.

Conducting zone vs respiratory zone

Conducting = air movement only; Respiratory = gas exchange.

Upper respiratory tract

Includes nose, nasal cavity, pharynx.

Lower respiratory tract

Includes larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

Airflow pathway order

Nose → nasal cavity → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.

Function of nasal cavity

Warms and moistens air.

Epithelium of respiratory tract

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Function of larynx

Voice production and airway protection.

True vocal cords

Responsible for sound production.

False vocal cords

Serve a protective function.

Function of trachea

Conducts air and maintains an open airway.

Purpose of C-shaped cartilage

Keeps airway open while allowing flexibility.

Bronchi vs bronchioles

Bronchi = cartilage; Bronchioles = smooth muscle.

Function of respiratory membrane

Gas exchange.

Function of pleura

Reduce friction and maintain lung expansion.

Blood as connective tissue

Contains cells, fibers, and matrix (plasma).

Erythrocyte characteristics

Anuclear, small, contains hemoglobin.

Function of leukocytes

Immune defense.

Function of platelets

Blood clotting.

Most common leukocyte

Neutrophil.

Function of neutrophils

Phagocytose bacteria.

What do monocytes become?

Macrophages.

Function of lymphocytes

Targeted immune response + memory.

Eosinophils and basophils

Involved in fighting parasites + inflammation.

Function of lymphatic system

Fluid drainage + immune monitoring.

Function of lymph nodes

Filter lymph and house immune cells.

Function of thymus

T-cell maturation.

Function of spleen

Filters blood and recycles RBCs.

Gyrus

Ridge of brain tissue.

Sulcus

Shallow groove.

Fissure

Deep groove.

Four brain parts

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum.

Frontal lobe function

Decision making, personality.

Parietal lobe function

Sensory processing.

Temporal lobe function

Hearing.

Occipital lobe function

Vision.

Insula function

Taste.

Gray matter vs white matter

Gray = cell bodies; White = myelinated axons.

Broca’s area

Speech production.

Wernicke’s area

Language understanding.

Thalamus

Sensory relay.

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis + endocrine control.

Pineal gland

Melatonin secretion.

Cerebellum

Coordination + balance.

Limbic system

Emotion + memory.

Function of nervous system

Coordinate body via signaling.

Neuron vs glial cell

Neuron = signal; Glia = support.

Afferent vs efferent

Afferent = sensory to CNS; Efferent = motor from CNS.

Dendrites

Receive signals.

Axon

Sends signals.

Axon hillock

Initiates action potential.

Neurotransmitter

Chemical signal between neurons.

Astrocytes

Form blood-brain barrier.

Microglia

Immune defense.

Ependymal cells

Produce CSF.

Oligodendrocytes

Myelinate CNS.

Schwann cells

Myelinate PNS.

Myelination function

Increase signal speed.

CSF function

Cushion + nourish brain.

Where does the spinal cord end?

Around L1.

Conus medullaris

Tapered end of spinal cord.

Cauda equina

Bundle of axons below the spinal cord.

Filum terminale

Anchors spinal cord.

Posterior root

Sensory input.

Anterior root

Motor output.

Posterior root ganglion

Sensory neuron cell bodies.

Decussation

Crossing of signals.

Somatic vs autonomic

Somatic = voluntary; Autonomic = involuntary.

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic

Sympathetic = fight/flight; Parasympathetic = rest/digest.

Somatic pathway neurons

One neuron.

Autonomic pathway neurons

Two neurons (pre + postganglionic).