1.1 skeletal and muscular systems

ligament structure

• Though fibrous band of slightly elastic connective tissue

Ligament function

• Connects bone to bone

Synovial fluid structure

• Lubricating liquid secreted from synovial capsule

Synovial fluid function

• Lubricant

• Reduces friction

• Prevents arthritis

Articular cartilage structure

• Smooth white covering on the end of bone

Articular cartilage function

• Stop end of bones rubbing together

• Shock absorber

Joint capsule function

• Secretes synovial fluid from synovial membrane

Joint capsule structure

• Sack that enclosed the joint

Bursa structure

• Fluid filled sack

Bursa function

• Stops tendons rubbing against bones

Long bones features

• Act as levers to create big movement

Long bone examples

• Femur

• Phalanges

Short bone features

• Create fine movements

Short bone examples

• Carpals

Sesamoid bone features

• Dome shaped

• Protection

Sesamoid bone examples

• Patella

Irregular bone features

• Perform specific roles

• Protective

irregular bone examples

• Vertebre

Flat bone features

• Protects internal organs

Flat bone examples

• Sternum

• Ribs

• Cranium

• Pelvis

Saggital plane

• Vertically splits body into left and right

• Forwards and backwards movement like running

Frontal plane

• Vertically splits body into front and back

• Sideways movement like a cartwheel

Transverse plane

• Horizontally splits body into top and bottom

• Spinning movements like a pirouette

What movement types occur in the saggital plane

• Flexion

• Dorsi-flexion

• Extension

• Plantar flexion

What movement types occur in the frontal plane

• Abduction

• Adduction

What movement types occur in the transverse plane

• Horizontal flexion

• Horizontal extension

• Rotation

ball and socket joints

• Hip

• Shoulder

Hinge joints

• Elbow

• Knee

• Ankle

Condyloid joints

• Wrist

Ball and socket joint plane of movement

• Saggital

• Frontal

• Transverse

Hinge joint plane of movement

• Saggital

Condyloid joint plane of movement

• Frontal

• Saggital

Ball and socket movement types in the saggital plane

• Flexion

• Extension

Ball and socket movement type in the frontal plane

• Abduction

• Adduction

Ball and socket movement type In the transverse plane

• Horizontal extension

• Horizontal flexion

• Rotation

Hinge joint movement types

• Dorsi-flexion

• Plantar flexion

• Flexion

• Extension

Condyloid joint movement pattern in the frontal plane

• Abduction

• Adduction

Condyloid movement type in the saggital plane

• Extension

• Flexion

Origin

• Where a muscle joins to a stable bone

Insertion

• Where a muscle joins to a moving bone

agonist

• Muscle under tension during movement

• Causes the movement

Antagonist

• Muscle that relaxes to facilitate or coordinate movement

Fixator

• Muscle that stabilises one joint when another moves

Concentric

• Muscle gets shorter under tension

• powerful movement

Eccentric

• Muscle lengthens under tension

• Down in a squat

Isometric

• Doesn’t change length under tension

Elbow articulating bones and plane of movement

• Radius

• Ulna

• Humerous

• Saggital

Agonist and antagonist of Flexion at the elbow

• Bicep brachii

• Tricep brachii

Agonist and antagonist of extension at the elbow

• Tricep brachii

• Bicep brachii

Wrist articulating bones and planes of movement

• Radius

• Ulna

• Carples

• Saggital

Agonist and antagonist of Flexion and the wrist

• Wrist flexors

• Wrist extensors

Agonist and antagonist of extension at the wrist

• Wrist extensor

• Wrist flexors

Articulating bones and planes of movement of the shoulder

• Humerous

• Scapula

• All planes

Agonist and antagonist of flexion at the shoulder

• Anterior deltoid

• Posterior deltoid

Agonist and a to agonist of extension at the shoulder

• Posterior deltoid

• anterior deltoid

Agonist and antagonist of abduction at the shoulder

• Middle deltoid

• Latissimus dorsi

Agonist and antagonist of adduction at the shoulder

• Latissimus deltoid

• Middle deltoid

Agonist and antagonist of horizontal flexion at the shoulder

• Pectoralis major

• Rear deltoid

Agonist and antagonist of horizontal extension at the shoulder

• Rear deltoid

• Pectoralis major

Agonist and antagonist of medial/internal rotation at the shoulder

• Teres major and subscapulares

• Teres major and infraspinartus

Agonist and antagonist of lateral/external rotation at the shoulder

• Teres minor and infraspinartus

• Teres major and subscapulares

Articulating bones and planes of movement at the hip

• Femur

• Pelvis

• All planes

Agonist and antagonist for flexion at the hip

• Iliopsoas

• Gluteus maximus

Agonist and antagonist for extension at the hip

• Gluteus maximus

• Iliopsoas

Agonist and antagonist for abduction at the hip

• Gluteus medius

• Adductor longus

Agonist and antagonist for adduction at the hip

• Adductor longus

• Gluteus medius

Agonist and antagonist for internal/medial rotation at the hip

• Gluteus medius

• Gluteus maximus

Agonist and antagonist for lateral/external rotation at the hip

• Gluteus maximus

• Gluteus minimus

Articulating bones and planes of movement at the knee

• Femur

• Tibia

• Fibula

• Saggital

Agonist and antagonist for flexion at the knee

• bicep femoris

• Recurs femoris

Agonist and antagonist for extension at the knee

• Rectus femoris

• Bicep femoris

Bicep femoris muscle group

• Hamstrings

Rectus femoris muscle group

• Quad muscles

Articulating bones and planes of movement for the ankle

• Tarsals

• Fibula

• Tibia

• Saggital

Agonist and antagonist for plantar flexion

• Gastrocnemius

• Tibialis anterior

Agonist and antagonist for Dorisi-flexion

• Tibialis anterior

• Gastrocnemius

What are motor units made up of

• Motor neurone

• Muscle fibres

The process of motor unit stimulation

1. nerve impulse initiated in motor neurone cell body

2. Nerve impulse conducted down the axon of a motor neurone by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft

3. Acetylcholine secreted into cynaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap

4. If the electrical charge was above the threshold the muscle fibre will contract

5. This happens in an all or none fashion

Motor unit stimulation pneumonic

• M-motor neurone

• A-action potential

• N-neuromuscular junction

• S-synaptic cleft

• A-acetylcholine

• Y

• S-secretes to synaptic cleft

• ALL-all or none law

What does the all or none law state

If charge is above threshold then all muscle fibres will contract but if charge is below threshold none will contract

What are the three muscle fibres

• Slow octave (type 1)

• Fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a)

• Fast glycolytic (type 2b)

Slow octave structural characteristics

• High capillary density

• High mitochondria density

• High myoglobin content

• Low phosphocreatine

Slow octave functional characteristics

• Slow contraction speed

• Low contraction force

• High fatigue resistance

• Highest aerobic capacity

• Low anaerobic capacity

• Quickest recovery rate

Slow octave sporting examples

• Marathon runners

• Triathlon

• Long distance swimmers

FOG structural characteristics

• High capillary density

• Moderate mitochondria density

• Moderate myoglobin density

• High phosphocreatine store

FOG functional characteristics

• Fast contraction speed

• High contraction force

• Moderate fatigue resistance

• Moderate aerobic capacity

• Moderate anaerobic capacity

FOG sporting examples

• Middle distance runners

  • 800m 1500m

• Rowing

FG structural characteristics

• Low capillary density

• Low mitochondria density

• Low myoglobin content

• Highest phosphocreatine store

FG functional characteristics

• Fastest contraction speed

• Highest contraction force

• Low fatigue resistance

• Low aerobic capacity

• High anaerobic capacity

• Slow recovery rate

FG sporting examples

• Sprinters

• Shot put

• Weight lifters

game player’s muscle fibres

an equal split of all muscle fibres