Biology Quiz - Cell Transport, Carbon/Nitrogen Cycles, and Homeostasis

Polarity

Uneven distribution of charges in a molecule (oxygen side of H2O is negative and hydrogen side is positive), causes most important water properties

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to other water molecules

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds between the negative oxygen side of one water molecule and the positive hydrogen side of another water molecule

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to other molecules

Capillary action

Water molecules use cohesion and adhesion to climb thin tubes

Why is capillary action important?

It allows xylems to transport nutrients

Universal Solvency

Dissolves most other materials

Solvent

Dissolves the solute

Solute

Gets dissolved by solvent

High Specific Heat Capacity

Takes a large amount of heat energy to break water's bonds and increase its temperature, keeping its heat stable

Surface tension

The surface water molecules are attracted downwards, creating tension (lets some insects walk on water)

Variable Density

Ice has a lower density than water, allowing it to float on top of lakes instead of freezing the whole body

Covalent Bonds

bonds between atoms performed through the sharing of electrons to fill valence electron shells. Forms between two nonmetals.

Polar covalent bonds

covalent bonds where the sharing of electrons is unequal. Results in slight electrostatic charges on different sides of the molecule.

Ionic Bonds

bonds between atoms through the transfer of electrons to fill valence electron shells. Forms between a metal and a nonmetal.

pH value

The measure of H+ ion concentration, shows how acidic or basic a substance is

Acid

pH lower than 7 (high concentration of H+)

Neutral substance

pH of 7 (equal concentration of H+ and OH-)

Base (alkali)

pH higher than 7 (high concentration of OH-)

Indicator

Compound that changes color dependent on the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

Litmus Paper

Type of indicator

Neutralization

A base and an acid are mixed, creating salt and neutral water

Step 1 of ocean acidification

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Step 2 of ocean acidification

H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate, more basic now)

Step 3 of ocean acidification

HCO3- → H+ + CO3 (carbonate, more basic now)

Step 4 of ocean acidification

Ca found

Step 5 of ocean acidification

CO3 + Ca → CaCO3 (calcium carbonate, creates the urchin's shell)

What happens when CO2 is increased?

The ocean calcification produces a large amount of H+, making the water highly acidic. This kills kelp, decreasing all the other populations.

Ocean water optimal pH

8 pH

Semi permeable cell membranes

Let some molecules through but not others (ex: oxygen and carbon can move freely)

Membrane Protein

Proteins that can send to nearby cells or receive signals from outside their cell. They can also serve as anchors for other proteins inside the cell.

Cytoskeleton Filaments

Long protein chains that help the cell hold its shape. Organelles and other large molecules can travel along these chains like super highways in the cell

Cholesterol

A hydrophobic lipid molecule that changes the fluidity of the membrane

Phospholipid

Lipids with hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that form two layers in the membrane

Transport or Channel Proteins

Proteins that help carry substances across the membrane or allow molecules to pass through a channel

Glycolipid

Lipids with carbohydrate chains that serve as cell recognition markers

Glycoprotein

Proteins with carbohydrate chains that serve as cell recognition markers and can help neighboring cells interact or stick to each other

Concentration gradient

High concentration to low concentration

Passive Transport

Movement along the concentration gradient; does not require energy

Simple Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

Osmosis

Water diffusing across a membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

Ions, polar molecules, large molecules diffuse with protein help

Active Transport

Movement against the concentration gradient; requires ATP energy

Na+/K+ Pumps

Push molecules against the concentration gradient to generate nerve impulses

Exocytosis

Small and large molecule removal from the cell from the vesicles

Endocytosis

Taking in of molecules into the cell

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking

Phagocytosis

Cell eating

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A cell picks up and concentrates a specific kind of molecule

Tonicity

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Hypertonic solution

Higher concentration of water in the cell (hyper- = more)

Direction of water movement in hypertonic solutions

Water released, enters the environment

Result of net movement in hypertonic solutions

Blood vessels shrivel up

Isotonic solution

Equal concentration of water in the cell and environment (iso- = equal)

Direction of water movement in isotonic solutions

No movement

Result of net movement in isotonic solutions

No change

Hypotonic solution

Lower concentration of water in the cell (hypo- = less)

Direction of water movement in hypotonic solutions

Water absorbed, enters the cell

Result of net movement in hypotonic solutions

Blood vessel swells up

Aquaporin

Proteins that facilitate the transport of water across the membrane

Diffusion of water into brain matrix

Increases pressure (think chem: same volume but moles go up (brain doesn't have room to expand), pressure goes up)

Pressure of brain matrix increases

Neuron firing rate increases and seizures occur

Carbon Cycle

The cycle of carbon being used and released back into the environment

Photosynthesis

Plants intake carbon

Plant respiration

Plants release carbon for energy

Plant biomass

Plants store excess carbon from photosynthesis

Soil

Stores carbon from photosynthesis

Fossil pool

Stores carbon (dead animals and plants that had carbon storage)

Terrestrial Microbial respiration

Microbes release carbon into the atmosphere through cellular respiration for energy

Terrestrial Decomposition

Dead matter broken down and its carbon is released into the atmosphere

Human emissions

Fossil fuels, cement, and land-use exchange release carbon into the environment

Air-sea gas exchange

Carbon enters the ocean and is released back into the atmosphere

Phytoplankton photosynthesis

Intakes carbon, produces oxygen

Aquatic Respiration and Decomposition

Animals use the oxygen for respiration, releasing carbon. Their bodies also contain excess carbon, released when decomposed

Deep Ocean

Stores carbon from the air-sea gas exchange, respiration, and decomposition

Reactive sediments

Stores carbon from dead animals and deep ocean

Are CO2 levels in homeostasis?

No, a net uptake of 4 is too much

Nitrogen Cycle

A repeating cycle during which nitrogen moves through both living and non-living things

Nitrogen gas

N2

Nitrite

NO2

Nitrate

NO3

Ammonia

NH3

Ammonium

NH4

Atmospheric Nitrogen

Enters soil

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Use nitrogen in the soil for plants and convert it into ammonium and ammonia.

Decomposers

Decompose dead plants and animals, releasing ammonium and ammonia into the soil

Nitrifying bacteria

Nitrification; turns ammonium and ammonia to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate

Lightning fixation

Breaks bonds in N2, bonds with oxygen to form nitrate

Fertilizers

Put nitrate and ammonia in the soil

Runoff

Fertilized nitrate and ammonia washed into surface water

Assimilation

Nitrate in the soil given to plants

Leaching

Nitrate in the soil enters water

Denitrifying bacteria

Turn nitrates back into nitrogen gas

Burning fossil fuels

Release nitrogen gas into the atmosphere

Use of nitrogen for producers

Nitrates build components of their biomass and nucleic acids

Use of nitrogen for consumers

Nitrogen builds proteins and nucleic acids

Eutrophication

Excessive richness of nutrients in water causes excessive plant growth

Step 1 of eutrophication

Excess nitrates in the water cause an excess of algae growth

Step 2 of eutrophication

Algae blocks light from bottom plants, killing them, and the algae itself dies due to the running out of nutrients

Step 3 of eutrophication

Dead stuff gets decomposed