VALUES

Valere

Latin word which means to be strong or to be worth

Values

Over time, it evolved to represent the significance or worth of something, both in economic and ethical contexts

Edgar Sheffield Brightman

American philosopher, and theologian, is known for his work in personalism, which emphasizes the value and dignity of person

Edgar Sheffield Brightman

Defines value as whatever is liked, prized, estemeed, desired, approved, or enjoyed by anyone at anytime

Edgar Sheffield Brightman

Defined value as the actual experience of enjoying a desired object or activity, hence, value is an existing realization of desire

Edgar Sheffield Brightman

Value is tied to the notion of worth and is inherently linked to personal experiences and relationships, he believed that values are not merely subjective preferences but have an objective reality grounded in the experiences and nature of persons

Edgar Sheffield Brightman

In his view, values are integral to understanding the moral and ethical dimensions of human life, shaping how individuals perceive and interact with the world

Felipe Landa Jocano

A filipino anthropologist, focused on filipino values within the context of culture and society

Felipe Landa Jocano

Values are deeply embedded in cultural traditions and practices, shaping social behavior and community life

Felipe Landa Jocano

He emphasized that filipino values are rooted in a sense of communal unity (bayanihan), respect for elders (pakikisama), and a strong sense of family loyalty (utang na loob)

Filipino Values

These values are seen as essential for maintaining social harmony and collective well-being within Filipino communities

Dr. Tomas Q.D. Andres

Defines values as things, persons, ideas or goals which are important to life, anything which enables life to be understood, evaluated, and directed

Values

Things, persons, ideas or goals which are important to life, anything which enables life to be understood, evaluated, and directed

Personal Values

These are individual beliefs and preferences about what is important in life, honesty, integrity, and ambition

Cultural Values

These are shared beliefs and practices within a specific culture, they include traditions, social norms, and collective goals

Social Values

These are values that pertain to societal well-being and the common good, justice, equality, and community service

Economic Values

These relate to the importance placed on economic success and material wealth

Moral and Ethical Values

These guide judgments about what is right and wrong, they include concepts such as fairness, responsibility, and respect for others

Value System

A coherent set of values and principles that guide an individual’s or group’s behavior, decision making, and overall approach to life

Value System

It is a framework of beliefs and standards that shapes how people perceive the world, interact with others, and determine what is important or desirable

Ralph Linton

Defined a value system as the organized, integrated sytem of standards by which one evaluates actions, objects, people, and situations in one’s life

Filipino value system

A set of core beliefs, attitudes, and practices that are deeply rooted in the cultural, social, and historical context of the Philippines

Filipino value system

These values shape the behavior, relationships, and decision-making processes of Filipino

Pakikisama

Smooth interpersonal relationships, emphasizes harmony, group cohesion, and the avoidance of conflict, people often go along with the group consensus to maintain peace and solidarity

Bayanihan

Community spirit, refer to the collective effort to help one another, especially in times of need, demonstrated in communal activities and the tradition of neighbors helping each other

Utang na Loob

Debt of gratitude, a strong sense of gratitude and obligation to repay favors or kindnesses received, promotes reciprocal relationships and mutual support within the community

Hiya

Sense of shame, a deep-seated feeling of embarrassment or shame that regulates social behavior, acts as a deterrent against actions that might bring dishonor or disgrace to oneself or one’s family

Amor Propio

Self-esteem, reflects a person’s dignity and self-respect, related to maintaining face and social standing within the community

Kapwa

Shared identity, emphasizes the interconnectedness and shared identity among people, encourages empathy, mutual support, and the recognition of others as part of oneself

Pamilya

The primary social unit and holds a central place in Filipino life, strong familial ties and obligations often guide individual behavior and decision-making

Religiosity

The Philippines is predominantly Christian, and religious beliefs play a significant role in daily life, and moral values, religious practices and faith influence various aspects of life, including social behavior and community activities

Pre-conventional Stage

Values and behaviors are influenced by external rewards and punishments. Actions are guided by self-interest and immediate consequences.

Conventional Stage

Values are shaped by societal norms, expectations, and the desire to conform. Emphasis is on maintaining social order, fulfilling roles, and upholding relationships.

Post-conventional Stage

Values are based on universal principles and internalized moral codes. Individuals may prioritize justice, human rights, and personal integrity over societal expectations.

Buti (Goodness/Virtue)

Represents the moral and ethical ideals that Filipinos strive to embody. Includes qualities such as kindness, generosity, and moral integrity.

Asal (Behavior/Conduct)

Encompasses manners, etiquette, and the way individuals interact with others. Reflects one's upbringing, social norms, and ethical behavior

Ganda (Beauty)

Refers to aesthetic appreciation and the intrinsic value of things or actions that embody beauty and grace. Can also relate to inner beauty and the positive qualities of a person's character.

Halaga (Value/Worth)

Denotes the core principles, ideals, and ethical standards that guide behavior, decisions, and relationships. Reflects the importance placed on certain actions, beliefs, and traditions.

Euphemism

Stating an unpleasant truth, opinion or request as pleasantly as possible. In order not to offend others, direct, harsh and brutal words must be avoided

Go-between or middleman

A way of social acceptance to avoid being embarrassed in a face-to-face confrontation that may bring about an uncomfortable feeling of shame

Middleman

Used when a person needs his/her promotion or appointment papers signed, when following up documents or when in need of certifications

Pakikiramdam

A value affecting the team’s spirit

Personalism

Emphasizes the importance of the person with whom one has immediate face-to-face contact over the abstract rule of law or common good

Pakiusap, lagay o areglo, palakasan, nepotism, favoritism

Personalism is manifested in practices such as these

Friendship and Kinship

Play important roles in the reciprocal relationship between parties

Nepotism

The employment of relatives to share an individual’s good fortune

Nonrationalism

Refers to the tendency to perceive thoughts, objects, events, and persons as sacred

Animism

The belief that a spirit pervades in activities

Fatalism

Expresses the bahala na attitude which means leaving matters as they are because nature will take its course

Swerte or buenas, tadhana, malas

It is believing that life depends on these:

Bahala na

An expression which expresses that fatalistic outlook of the Filipino, it happens when one simply resigns to the consequences of life’s difficulties

Bahala na

What makes people move, take risks and plan for the future

Pakikisama

Harmony and smooth interpersonal relationships, this value emphasizes the importance of getting along with others, maintaining harmony, and avoiding conflict.

Pakikisama

It fosters a cooperative and supportive community environment but may sometimes lead to conformity and suppression of dissenting opinions.

Fr. Frank Lynch

an American Jesuit priest and anthropologist, extensively studied Filipino culture and values. One of the key concepts he explored is "pakikisama." 

Fr. Frank Lynch

Pakikisama is a Filipino value that emphasizes smooth interpersonal relationships, conformity, and group harmony. It can be translated as "getting along with others" or "maintaining good relations." This value is deeply ingrained in Filipino society and is crucial for social cohesion.

Fr. Frank Lynch

Social Harmony: He highlighted that "pakikisama" involves the avoidance of conflict and the maintenance of social harmony. Filipinos are often willing to compromise personal interests for the sake of group unity and peace.

Conformity and Cooperation: It promotes conformity to group norms and cooperation. Individuals are expected to blend in with the group, support collective decisions, and avoid actions that could disrupt group cohesion.

Fr. Frank Lynch

Reciprocity and Mutual Help: Pakikisama includes elements of reciprocity and mutual assistance. Helping others and being a team player are essential aspects of this value.

Emotional Sensitivity: He pointed out that Filipinos are highly sensitive to the feelings of others and strive to avoid hurting others' emotions. This sensitivity is a crucial aspect of pakikisama.

Damayan system

Sympathy for people who lost their love ones. In case of death of a certain member of the community, the whole community sympathizes with the bereaved family. Neighbors, friends, and relatives of the deceased usually give certain amount of money as their way of showing sympathy.

Familism or close family relations

A Filipino trait of giving highest importance to family above other thing. A trait wherein family members should be taken care and supported regardless of whether he/she did something wrong, a family member must given attention and should not be abandoned.

Fun-loving trait

A trait found in most Filipinos, a trait that makes them unique that even in time of calamities and other challenges in life, they always have something to be happy about, a reason to celebrate.

Bayanihan

The tradition of communal unity and cooperation to achieve a common goal. Encourages mutual support and collective effort but can sometimes lead to dependence on communal assistance rather than individual initiative.

Compassionate

A Filipino trait of being sympathetic to others even if the person is a stranger. An example of this is giving alms to beggar. This is observed when we hear Filipinos saying "kawawa naman or nakakaawa naman.

Regionalism

A Filipino trait of giving more priority or preference in giving favors to his province mate before others.

Friendly

A trait found in most Filipinos. They are sincere, loyal, kind and sociable person.

Flexible or magaling makabagay

The ability of Filipinos to ride on or adjust to the norms of other group just to attain smooth and harmonious relationship.

Religious

Most Filipinos possess strong conformance of their religious belief in action and in words

Respect to elders

A Filipino trait of being courteous both in words and in actions to the people of older people.

Remedyo attitude

A Filipino trait of being creative and resourceful. The ability to do things that are next to impossible. Example in fixing appliances that look impossible to repair.

Matiyaga

Filipinos are known for their tenacity and strong determination in every undertaking.

Utang na Loob

A feeling of obligation to repay someone who extended assistance to another which may take place in undetermined time and in whatever way.

Hiya

A strong sense of propriety and respect for social norms, leading to behavior that avoids bringing shame to oneself or others. Promotes ethical behavior and respect for others but may also inhibit assertiveness and self-expression.

Hospitality

The warm and generous treatment of guests and strangers. Builds strong social bonds and a welcoming society but can sometimes lead to excessive generosity that strains resources.

Bukas-loob na pagtanggap

Filipinos open their hearts to complete strangers and offer them the best in their homes.

Tao Po? Tuloy!

Invites a down-to-earth encounter between a stranger and a host. Process of welcoming one's sense of being: I am a person who knocks and wishes to be treated as a person; The host or hostess who welcomes is also a person.

Puwede bang makisukob? Oo, ba!

Denotes sharing something. (May I...) is a courteous word in packaging of pleading and request. Oo is the height of the encounter that shows as acceptance of a person is no matter what he/she looks like. May be interpreted in the Filipino ideal as PAKIKISAMA.

Bahala na Attitude

A Filipino trait characterized by retreating or withdrawal from certain undertaking and leaving everything to God to interfere and determine the outcome of his deeds.

Colonial complex or blue-seal mentality

Filipino value of showing high admiration and preference to foreign produced goods over local ones.

Crab mentality

Filipino attitude characterized by an attempt to "pull down" someone who has achieved success beyond the others. This I done out of jealousy and insecurity.

Euphemism

Filipino way of substituting a word or phrase that is thought to be offensive or harsh with a mild and acceptable one in order to not offend or hurt another person.

Filipino Time

In reality, it means "always late", a Filipino attitude of impreciseness towards time.

Gaya-gaya attitude

Filipino attitude of imitating or copying other culture specifically in mode of dressing, language, fashion or even haircut.

Jackpot mentality

A "get rich quick" mentality of some Filipinos who would rather engage in fast ways of acquiring money than through hardwork and sacrifice by getting in lottery, joining raffle draws and other.

Kapalaran values

Filipino trait of accepting his fate by believing that everything is written in his palm. Such traits contributes to lack initiative and perseverance among Filipinos.

Oversensitive

Filipinos have the tendency to be irritated easily or hurt upon hearing some criticisms or comment.

Lack of sportmanship

Not accepting defeat in competitions but rather putting the blame either to their opponents or to the sport officials.

Pakikisama

Submitting oneself to the will of the group for the sake of camaraderie and unity. Failure to comply with the group demand, the person will be called "selfish". The adherence to group demands have taught our young to engage in bad habits like smoking, alcoholism and even drug addiction.

Tsamba lang attitude

Simplicity by declaring that his/her accomplishments are results of luck and not from perseverance and ability.

Ningas-Kugon

The tendency to start projects enthusiastically but fail to sustain the effort until completion. Can lead to inefficiency and unfinished tasks, hindering progress and development.

Manana Habit

The tendency to delay actions or decisions, putting things off for a later time. Results in missed opportunities, last-minute rushes, and lower productivity.

Utang na Loob

A sense of obligation to repay a favor or kindness received. While fostering gratitude and reciprocity, it can also lead to undue pressure and exploitation in some relationships.

Amor Propio

A sense of personal dignity and self-respect that must be maintained at all costs. Promotes self-respect and honor but can also lead to excessive pride, sensitivity to criticism, and conflict avoidance.