Honors Bio 9

Nucleic acids

Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information.

Codon

Three-nucleotide sequence coding for an amino acid.

tRNA

Transfer RNA that transports amino acids to ribosomes.

mRNA

Messenger RNA that carries genetic information from DNA.

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA that forms the core of ribosome structure.

Protein

Large biomolecules made of amino acids, essential for function.

Amino acid

Building blocks of proteins, 20 types exist.

Nucleotide

Basic unit of nucleic acids, composed of sugar, phosphate, base.

Ribose

Sugar in RNA, differs from deoxyribose by one oxygen.

Frameshift mutation

Genetic mutation caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides.

Substitution mutation

Mutation where one nucleotide replaces another in DNA.

Deoxyribose

Sugar in DNA, lacks one oxygen compared to ribose.

Enzyme

Biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions.

Hormone

Chemical messenger regulating physiological processes in the body.

Translation

Process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA at ribosomes.

Transcription

Process of copying DNA into mRNA in the nucleus.

Cell theory

All living organisms are composed of cells; cells arise from cells.

Protein synthesis

Process of creating proteins from amino acids via mRNA.

Peppered moth experiment

Study demonstrating natural selection in response to environmental changes.

Fluid mosaic model

Describes cell membrane structure with diverse proteins and lipids.

Natural selection

Mechanism of evolution where advantageous traits increase survival.

PMAT of mitosis

Phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase in cell division.

PMAT of meiosis

Two rounds of PMAT leading to gamete formation.

Cell transport

Movement of substances across cell membranes; includes active transport.

Prokaryotic cells

Simple, unicellular organisms without a nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells

Complex cells with a nucleus and organelles.

Cladograms

Diagrams showing evolutionary relationships among species.

Vertebrates

Animals with a backbone, including mammals and birds.

Invertebrates

Animals without a backbone, such as insects and mollusks.

Famous scientists

Galen, Vesalius, Schwann contributed to anatomy and physiology.

Organ systems

Groups of organs working together for specific functions.

anaphase

A = _____

telophase

B = ______

prophase

C/D = _______

metaphase

E = _______

cytokinesis

F = ________

the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis

This diagram shows . . .

Centrioles

A = _________

Chromatin

B = ________

DNA (Nucleolus)

C = _______

Nucleus

D = ________

Lysosome

E = ______

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

F = _______

Golgi Apparatus

G = ________

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

H = _______

Ribosomes

I = ________

Cytoplasm

J = _________

Cell / Plasma Membrane

K = ________

Mitochondria

L = _________

Cytoskeleton

M = __________

Cell/Plasma Membrane

a thin layer of lipids and proteins that separates the cell’s contents from its surrounding environment

phospholipid bilayer

The cell membrane consists of a __________ with embedded proteins that encloses the cytoplasm of a cell. The selective permeability of the cell membrane is caused by the interaction of phospholipids with water.

loving

A hydrophilic “water-______” phosphate-based polar head-easily dissolves in water.

fearing

A hydrophobic “water-______” non-polar lipid tail which does not dissolve in water.

Mosaic

refers to the fluid model mosaic

Fluid

 refers to the environment both inside and outside cells, maintaining cell function and the transport of molecules and signals

Model

used to understand cellular processes in a non microscopic way

Fluid model mosaic

Comparing the structure of the cell membrane to a mosaic

Selective

The process where specific traits or characteristics are favored for survival and reproduction

Permeability

the trait of letting a substance or substances pass through a barrier or cell membrane

Selective permeability

 the trait of letting some substances through while preventing other substances from entering into a barrier or cell membrane

Laterally

to move from side to side, or in a straight line

Immobile

something incapable of moving

Rigid

A structure that cannot move

static

The action of not moving

They can move laterally within the membrane

According to the fluid mosaic model, which of the following best describes the movement of phospholipids in the cell membrane?

Passive Transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the input of the cell’s energy. Passive transport includes both diffusion and osmosis.

Diffusion

the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, known as movement down a concentration gradient. Diffusion is caused by the random motion of particles. If diffusion is allowed to continue equilibrium results.

Osmosis

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Hypotonic Solution

having the lower osmotic pressure of two solutions. If a cell were placed in a hypotonic solution the concentration of solutes would be lower outside of the cell than inside the cytoplasm of the cell.

Isotonic Solution

a solution of equal osmotic pressure.  In an isotonic solution concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to that inside the cell.

Hypertonic Solution

having the higher osmotic pressure of two solutions. In a hypertonic solution the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than in the cytoplasm of the cell.

simple diffusion

When the concentration of oxygen is greater outside a cell than inside the cell, oxygen will move into the cell without the assistance of proteins or additional energy. This movement of oxygen is an example of what process?

Active transport

is a cellular process that uses energy, often in the form of ATP, to move molecules or ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient (from low to high concentration). Active transport includes facilitated transport.

Facilitated Transport

a type of passive transport in which specific substances (such as amino acids and sugars) are transported through proteins down their concentration gradient.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

a carrier protein transports sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell. This pump actively transports both sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients.

prevents the toxic build-up of sodium ions that have diffused into the cell through ion channels and helps maintain the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane, which facilitates the transport of other substances.

The sodium-potassium pump . . . (purpose)

ATP

The sodium-potassium pump in a cell membrane moves particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high

concentration. What directly supplies the energy for the sodium-potassium pump?

Endocytosis

the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle

Phagocytosis

“cell eating” is the ingestion of solid particles by endocytosis. The cytoplasmic membrane invaginates and pinches off placing the particle in a phagocytic vacuole. The phagocytic vacuole then fuses with lysosomes and the material is degraded

Pinocytosis

“cell drinking” is when a cell takes in liquids

Exocytosis

the movement of a substance out of a cell by a vesicle

Cell Cycle

repeating phases of cellular growth and cellular division which occur in eukaryotic cells. Major phases of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Interphase

 the phase that occurs between periods of cell division (mitosis).  It is the longest part of the cell cycle and occurs in three different stages called G1, S, & G2

G1 (Interphase)

period of growth during which the cell increases in size as well as performs its specialized functions (cardiac cells pump blood via the heart, skeletal muscle cells move the body, etc.)

S (Interphase)

 period of synthesis (copying) of DNA. Also called DNA Replication. After replication, there are four copies of each gene. Genes will pair together to form tetrads of sister chromatids.

G2 (Interphase)

the cell prepares for division by doubling the number of organelles and cell structures so they can be provided to the two daughter cells after mitosis. Specialized organelles called centrioles form spindle fibers which will divide chromosomes during cell division

Mitosis

a form of cellular division that produces two identical daughter cells with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm of cell divides in half Cell membrane grows to enclose each cell

Prophase

1. Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

2. Nuclear membrane dissolves

3. Centrioles migrate to poles

4. Spindle forms

Metaphase

1. Chromosomes align along middle of the cell (metaphase plate)

2. Spindle fibers attach chromatids to opposite poles of cell

Anaphase

1. Chromatids are pulled to poles as spindle fibers shorten.

2. Chromatids are split to become two identical sets of daughter chromosomes.

Telophase

1. Nuclear envelope forms

2. Chromosomes uncoil

3. Mitotic Spindle dissolves

4. Cytokinesis begins along a cleavage furrow

mitosis and cytokinesis

Spiders grow until they reach adulthood. Which processes lead directly to growth by increasing the number of cells the spiders have?

Mitosis - this because it produces new cells to replace old cells

A male anglerfish attaches to a female anglerfish using his teeth. When the male attaches to the female, some of the female’s cells are damaged. What process replaces the damaged cells of the female anglerfish?

Meiosis

a form of cellular division in which a cell divides to form four haploid daughter cells. These haploid cells have only one copy of each chromosome and are called gametes (sperm and egg). Gametes can fuse together through sexual reproduction to form a diploid offspring with two copies of every chromosome

Chromosome

a structure made of DNA on which genes are located. DNA condenses from chromatin into chromosomes before meiosis.

Chromatin

a thin, tangled bundle of many strands of DNA found in the nucleus during interphase.

Centromere

 the point where sister chromatids are joined

Sister Chromatids

identical copies of genetic material attached at centromere