09.A BIO The Work of Gregor Mendel ALL (PART A)

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29 Terms

1

Inheritance

The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring

2

Genetics

The study of heredity

<p>The study of heredity</p>
3

Trait

A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another such as plant height, seed color, seed shape, flower color, etc.

<p>A specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another such as plant height, seed color, seed shape, flower color, etc.</p>
4

Gene

The sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome that codes for a protein and determines a trait

<p>The sequence of nucleotides on a chromosome that codes for a protein and determines a trait</p>
5

Allele

A form of a gene; for example, the gene for flower color could produce either purple flowers or white flowers; expressed by letters such as R (purple) or r (white)

<p>A form of a gene; for example, the gene for flower color could produce either purple flowers or white flowers; expressed by letters such as R (purple) or r (white)</p>
6

Self-pollination

The fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same organism

<p>The fusion of sperm and egg produced by the same organism</p>
7

Cross-pollination

The process by which sperm from one flower's pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant; also known as cross-fertilization

<p>The process by which sperm from one flower's pollen fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant; also known as cross-fertilization</p>
8

Dominant

A trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present that is represented by a capital letter such

<p>A trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present that is represented by a capital letter such</p>
9

Recessive

A trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene that is represented by a lowercase letter

<p>A trait that will only appear in the phenotype if organism inherits two of them; covered up by the dominant gene that is represented by a lowercase letter</p>
10

True-breeding

Inherited two identical alleles for a trait; homozygous or purebred

<p>Inherited two identical alleles for a trait; homozygous or purebred</p>
11

Segregation

The separation of alleles during meiosis or gamete formation

<p>The separation of alleles during meiosis or gamete formation</p>
12

Gamete

Sex cell; sperm or egg

<p>Sex cell; sperm or egg</p>
13

Independent assortment

A principle that genes do not influence each other's inheritance because they are separated independently during meiosis

<p>A principle that genes do not influence each other's inheritance because they are separated independently during meiosis</p>
14

Hybrid

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; heterozygous for the trait; Tt

<p>An organism that has two different alleles for a trait; heterozygous for the trait; Tt</p>
15

Principle of Dominance

Mendel's conclusion that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive

<p>Mendel's conclusion that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive</p>
16

Law of Segregation

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

<p>Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete</p>
17

Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel's second law, stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characteristics are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes

<p>Mendel's second law, stating that each allele pair segregates independently during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characteristics are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes</p>
18

Gregor Mendel

Austrian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884); experiments with pea plants led to the law of dominance, independent assortment, and segregation.

<p>Austrian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884); experiments with pea plants led to the law of dominance, independent assortment, and segregation.</p>
19

Flower

Reproductive structure of the plant

<p>Reproductive structure of the plant</p>
20

Pollen

A fine powdery substance, typically yellow, produced by the male part of a flower that contains the male gametes or sperm

<p>A fine powdery substance, typically yellow, produced by the male part of a flower that contains the male gametes or sperm</p>
21

Ovule

A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant that contains the female germ cell and after fertilization becomes the seed; female gamete

<p>A structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant that contains the female germ cell and after fertilization becomes the seed; female gamete</p>
22

P Generation

Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross

<p>Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross</p>
23

F1 Generation

The first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

<p>The first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms</p>
24

F2 Generation

The second generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two F1 organisms

<p>The second generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two F1 organisms</p>
25

Pea Traits (Examples)

Seed shape

Seed color

Flower color

Pod shape

Pod color

Flower Location

Plant height

<p>Seed shape</p><p>Seed color</p><p>Flower color</p><p>Pod shape</p><p>Pod color</p><p>Flower Location</p><p>Plant height</p>
26

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits such as height, flower color, seed shape, etc.

27

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations such as TT, Tt, tt

28

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait such as Tt

29

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait such as TT or tt