Thalamus

Lecture 2 - Thalamus, Internal Capsule, Cerebral Cortex

Neuroscience Lecture: The Diencephalon, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus

case study- non experimental self report bias- reporting yourself inaccurately percentile rank - percentage of scores that are less than a given score epigenetics- they study of if a gene has been expressed or not CNS- brain and spinal chord PNS- sensory and motor neurons sympathetic nervous system- fight or flight parasympathetic- calms the body somatic- controls the body autonomic - automatic movement like the hear glial cells- help with memory and learning reuptake - reabsorption ACH- movement dopamine- reward serotonin- mood norepinephrine - alertness GABA- inhibitory transmitter calm endorphins- pain EEG- electrical waves MEG- magnetic waves to see electrical activity CT-photos to see structure PET- radioactive brain activity MRI- magnetic waves to see soft tissue fMRI-structure and activity thalamus- sensory hypothalamus- drinking,eating,moving medulla- breathing brain stem- homeostasis cerebellum -balance and sensory REM- eye movement and dreams absolute threshold- minimum stimulus needed signal detection- when we detect a stimulus transduction- senses into neural impulses bottom up- processing beginning with sensory top down- constructing an image based on precious knowledge rods-perifreal cones-color kinesthesis- movement sense convergent thinking- narrowing down divergent- many ideas assimilation- adding new experiences to schemas heuristic- shortcut availability heuristic- likelihood of events based on memory (plane more dangerous than car) representative heuristic- likelihood based on how weak it matches the prototype anterograde amneasia- cant form new memories retrograde- cant remember past Proactive interference- old blocks new Retroactive interference -new blocks old preoperational- use language not comprehend concrete operational- thinking logically formal operational- think about abstract cognitive- learning negative reinforcement- removing something annoying positive reinforcement- increasing something with good response variable ratio- whenever fixed- fixed

Neural Bases Thalamus Quiz

A&P Final: Diencephalon (Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus)

thalamus

Thalamus

Thalamus

Neuro Anatomy: Lecture 13 Thalamus

Thalamus

BISC 4140 Unit 4 (Thalamus, Auditory & Vestibular, Visual, Taste & Olfaction)

Central Nervous System White vs gray matter :: Gray = cell bodies (processing); White = myelinated axons (communication) Primary motor cortex, Broca’s, premotor location :: Frontal lobe Innermost meninge :: Pia mater CSF is formed where :: Choroid plexus (ventricles) Ventral horn destruction causes :: Loss of motor output Same hemisphere fibers :: Association fibers Across hemispheres :: Commissural fibers (corpus callosum) Advantage of convolutions :: Increased surface area → more processing power Grooves :: Sulci Folds :: Gyri Groove dividing hemispheres :: Longitudinal fissure Frontal vs parietal lobe :: Central sulcus Parietal vs temporal :: Lateral sulcus Primary motor cortex :: Voluntary movement Premotor cortex :: Plans movement Primary sensory cortex :: Detects touch Somatosensory association :: Interprets sensation Visual area :: Vision Auditory area :: Hearing Prefrontal cortex :: Decision making/personality Broca’s area :: Speech production Controls temp, hunger, ANS :: Hypothalamus Substantia nigra location :: Midbrain Vital centers (heart, breathing) :: Medulla oblongata Sensory relay center :: Thalamus (gray matter) Basal nuclei function :: Initiate/stop movement, smooth motion Cerebellum role :: Coordination, balance, posture Limbic system location/function :: Around brainstem; emotion + memory RAS meaning/function :: Reticular Activating System; alertness STM → LTM factors :: Repetition, sleep, emotion, meaning CNS protection (4) :: Skull/vertebrae, meninges, CSF, BBB CSF formation/drainage :: Produced in ventricles → circulates → reabsorbed into blood Blood-brain barrier :: Tight capillaries + astrocytes Pyramidal tracts :: Motor pathways; cross at medulla Dorsal vs ventral roots :: Dorsal = sensory; Ventral = motor CSF location :: Subarachnoid space Spinal cord organization :: Gray inside; white outside Anterior vs posterior root signals :: Anterior = motor; Posterior = sensory Cervical/lumbar enlargements :: Serve limbs Spinal cord location :: Vertebral foramen Filum terminale :: Anchors spinal cord ⸻ Sensation & Integration Sensation vs perception :: Sensation = detection; Perception = interpretation Sensory modality :: Type of stimulus Mechanoreceptors :: Touch/pressure Thermoreceptors :: Temperature Chemoreceptors :: Chemicals Nociceptors :: Pain Naked nerve endings :: Free endings (pain/temp) Encapsulated endings :: Wrapped (touch/pressure) 3 steps of sensation :: Stimulus → receptor → signal to brain Meissner’s corpuscles :: Light touch receptors Proprioceptor example :: Muscle spindle; detects stretch/body position Pressure receptor :: Pacinian corpuscle (encapsulated) Thermal receptor distribution :: Uneven Touch receptor distribution :: Uneven Referred pain :: Pain felt elsewhere Pain receptors :: Nociceptors Brain maps based on :: Sensitivity (not size) 3-neuron sensory pathway :: 1st: receptor → spinal cord 2nd: spinal cord → thalamus 3rd: thalamus → cortex Motor pathway neurons :: 2 neurons Upper: brain → spinal cord Lower: spinal cord → muscle Ascending pathways :: Sensory to brain Descending pathways :: Motor from brain

Thalamus

Thalamus and Its Functions

Thalamus

Module 9: Diencephalon- Thalamus

Fall 5:1 - cerebellum, basala ganglier, thalamus

NEUR 334 Thalamus

Limbic System, Hypothalamus, Brain Stem, and Thalamus Overview