thalamus

tela choroidea, choroid plexus, III, internal cerebral veins

regions of meningeal pia that adhere to underlying ependyma. gives rise to ____ ____ in all ventricles. two leaves form roof of ____. houses the _____ _____ ____

specific nuclei

reciprocally connected with specific cortical areas - maintenance of spatial organization of inputs - information rich

non-specific nuclei

diffuse and multimodal sensory inputs, diffuse and largely non-reciprocal innervation of cortex, strong reticular input

VPL

input from spinothalamic and DCML tracts - somatosensory for limbs and trunk - somatotopy preserved

pain and temperature

____ ___ _____ information has diffuse projections throughout thalamus, particularly VPL and medial/midline groups, some information also reaches cortex without going through thalamus

postcentral gyrus (S1)

output of VPL

VPM, parvicellular, taste, NTS

input from trigeminothalamic system - somatotopy preserved - medial (______) portion receives _____ information from ____

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

tract for taste information between NTS and VPMpc

postcentral gyrus (S1) and anterior insula

outputs of VPM and VPMpc

LGN, contralateral

receives visual input via optic tract representing ______ visual field, arranged in 6 crude laminae

V1, calcarine, cuneus, lingual

LGN output - on bands of _____ fissure, which is between what two gyri?

MGN, inferior colliculus

receives auditory input from ______ _____ - tonotopy preserved

A1, Heschl’s, sublenticular

MGN output: ____ in _____ gyrus. connected via auditory radiations (_______ part of internal capsule)

VA, thalamic fasciculus, SNr

receives inhibitory input from ipsilateral basal ganglia via ______ _____. lateral GPi, medial ____

VL, dentatorubrothalamic, thalamic fasciculus

receives input from basal ganglia and crossed output of cerebellar deep nuclei (________ pathway) via _____ _____

zona incerta

thalamic fasciculus is between the thalamus and the _____ _____

VA

outputs are premotor cortex and frontal eye fields

VL

output is M1 in precentral gyrus

contra, ipsi

basal ganglia disease is ____-lateral and cerebellar disease is ____-lateral

MD

most developed thalamic nucleus in humans, inputs from amygdala, olfactory cortex, ventral pallidum

MD

projects to PFC and limbic system

MD

lesions here result in apathy, memory changes, and difficulty in switching tasks (perseveration)

pulvinar

facilitates complex integration of stimuli across sensory domains

pulvinar

inputs from retina, superior colliculus, and indirectly from spinothalamic

LP

acts in concert with pulvinar

pulvinar

lesions affect visual perception, pain perception, and language processing

anterior

input from hippocampus via fornix and mammillary bodies via mammillothalamic tract

anterior

reciprocally connected with cingulate cortex

LD, parietal, retrosplenial

acts in concert with anterior thalamus, but is specifically connected with ____ and ____ cortex

spatial, context, memory, AUD, Korsakoff, vitamin B

anterior, LD, mammillary bodies, fornix, mammillothalamic tract, cingulate and retrosplenial cortices —> neural system for _____ and _____-dependent _______

degenerative changes in anterior and mammillary bodies found in chronic _____ —> ______ syndrome (due to _____ __ deficiency)

amnesia, confabulation, apathy

three signs of Korsakoff syndrome/Wernicke encephalopathy

midline

receive pain-related information from PAG, ascending arousal cholinergic inputs, and monoaminergic (NA, 5-HT) inputs

midline

output - diffuse to cortex and striatum, reciprocally connected with SCN, may be involved in general cortical arousal

intralaminar group/CM

non-reciprocal input from motor cortex, strong cholinergic input from AAS

output to striatum

CM, intralaminar

lesions here, the largest of the ______ group, lead to unilateral motor neglect

thought to be involved in attention to motor tasks

paramedian, Percheron

blood supply to medial thalamus, can be a variant artery of ______ in which one vessel irrigates both halves

posterior choroidal

blood supply to posterior thalamus

inferolateral

blood supply to lateral thalamus

tuberothalamic

blood supply to dorsolateral thalamus

inferolateral

infarct —> ataxia, hemiparesis, hemianesthesia, hemihyperesthesia

paramedian

infarct —> apathy, memory/learning problems, hemiparesis

tuberothalamic

infarct —> amnesia, language difficulty, euphoria/mood

inferolateral, Deferine-Roussy, hyperesthesia

various signs and symptoms in patients with central thalamic pain - usually secondary to vascular etiology involving _____ perforators

hemiataxia, hemitremor, hemichorea, hemianesthesia 2 point touch, exaggerated pain and temperature

what it is called (2 names)

tela choroidea, basal vein, Galen, ICV, thalamostriate

anterior, VA, VL, VPi, VPL, VPM, LP, LD, MD, midline, pulvinar, MGN, LGN

VPMpc, DLF, rostral NTS

VA/VL, lenticular, ansa, zona incerta

lateral lemniscus, superior olive, inferior colliculi

reticular, LP, VPL, VPM, CM, MD

fornix, pulvinar, mgn, lgn, hippocampus

fornix, MD, LP, CM, VPM, VPMpc, VPL

corpus callosum, midline, MD, LD, VL, internal capsule, amygdala, putamen

NAc, globus pallidus, AN, VA, anterior commissure

anterior thalamus, retrosplenial, hippocampus

CM, thalamic fasciculus, ansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculus

MD, VA, VL, VPM, VPL, LP, pulvinar, MGN, LGN, anterior, LD

posterior choroidal, paramedian, tuberothalamic, inferolateral

inferolateral, paramedian, tuberothalamic