case study- non experimental self report bias- reporting yourself inaccurately percentile rank - percentage of scores that are less than a given score epigenetics- they study of if a gene has been expressed or not CNS- brain and spinal chord PNS- sensory and motor neurons sympathetic nervous system- fight or flight parasympathetic- calms the body somatic- controls the body autonomic - automatic movement like the hear glial cells- help with memory and learning reuptake - reabsorption ACH- movement dopamine- reward serotonin- mood norepinephrine - alertness GABA- inhibitory transmitter calm endorphins- pain EEG- electrical waves MEG- magnetic waves to see electrical activity CT-photos to see structure PET- radioactive brain activity MRI- magnetic waves to see soft tissue fMRI-structure and activity thalamus- sensory hypothalamus- drinking,eating,moving medulla- breathing brain stem- homeostasis cerebellum -balance and sensory REM- eye movement and dreams absolute threshold- minimum stimulus needed signal detection- when we detect a stimulus transduction- senses into neural impulses bottom up- processing beginning with sensory top down- constructing an image based on precious knowledge rods-perifreal cones-color kinesthesis- movement sense convergent thinking- narrowing down divergent- many ideas assimilation- adding new experiences to schemas heuristic- shortcut availability heuristic- likelihood of events based on memory (plane more dangerous than car) representative heuristic- likelihood based on how weak it matches the prototype anterograde amneasia- cant form new memories retrograde- cant remember past Proactive interference- old blocks new Retroactive interference -new blocks old preoperational- use language not comprehend concrete operational- thinking logically formal operational- think about abstract cognitive- learning negative reinforcement- removing something annoying positive reinforcement- increasing something with good response variable ratio- whenever fixed- fixed

hindsight bias

Believing you would’ve known something after it happened.

case study

A non-experimental research method.

self report bias

Reporting oneself inaccurately.

percentile rank

Percentage of scores that are less than a given score.

epigenetics

The study of whether a gene has been expressed or not.

CNS

Central Nervous System, which includes the brain and spinal cord.

PNS

Peripheral Nervous System, made up of sensory and motor neurons.

sympathetic nervous system

The part of the nervous system responsible for the fight or flight response.

parasympathetic

The part of the nervous system that calms the body.

somatic

Controls voluntary movements of the body.

autonomic

Regulates automatic functions like heart rate.

glial cells

Cells that help with memory and learning.

reuptake

Reabsorption of neurotransmitters.

ACH

Acetylcholine, involved in movement.

dopamine

Neurotransmitter associated with reward.

serotonin

Neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation.

norepinephrine

Neurotransmitter associated with alertness.

GABA

An inhibitory neurotransmitter that calms.

endorphins

Chemicals that help relieve pain.

EEG

Measures electrical waves in the brain.

MEG

Uses magnetic waves to see electrical activity in the brain.

CT

A method that takes photos to see the brain's structure.

PET

A technique that shows radioactive brain activity.

MRI

Uses magnetic waves to see soft tissue.

fMRI

Measures both the structure and activity of the brain.

thalamus

Brain structure responsible for relaying sensory information.

hypothalamus

Regulates functions such as drinking, eating, and movement.

medulla

Part of the brainstem that controls breathing.

brain stem

Responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

cerebellum

Involved in balance and sensory processing.

REM

Stage of sleep characterized by eye movement and dreams.

absolute threshold

Minimum stimulus needed to detect a sensation.

signal detection

The process of identifying a stimulus.

transduction

The conversion of sensory input into neural impulses.

bottom up

Processing that begins with sensory input.

top down

Processing that constructs an image based on prior knowledge.

rods

Photoreceptors responsible for peripheral vision.

cones

Photoreceptors that detect color.

kinesthesis

Sense of movement and body position.

convergent thinking

Narrowing down options to find a single solution.

divergent thinking

Generating many possible ideas.

assimilation

Adding new experiences to existing schemas.

heuristic

A mental shortcut for problem solving.

availability heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on memory.

representative heuristic

Estimating likelihood based on similarity to a prototype.

anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories.

retrograde amnesia

Inability to recall past memories.

Proactive interference

Old information blocks new information.

Retroactive interference

New information blocks the recall of old information.

preoperational

Stage in which language is used, but comprehension is limited.

concrete operational

Stage of logical thinking.

formal operational

Stage of abstract thinking.

cognitive

Related to the learning and processing of information.

negative reinforcement

Removing something annoying to increase a behavior.

positive reinforcement

Increasing a behavior by providing a good response.

variable ratio

Reinforcement provided after an unpredictable number of responses.

fixed

Reinforcement provided after a set number of responses.