Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

The Jabberwocky * A nonsense poem by Lewis Carroll. * A young hero is warned about the dangerous Jabberwock. * He goes on a quest and kills the monster. * Theme: bravery and heroism. * Important: The poem uses many made-up words, but readers can still understand the story through context. ⸻ The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time * Christopher Boone investigates the death of a neighbor’s dog. * He discovers family secrets, including that his mother is alive. * Christopher struggles with social situations and change. * Theme: * Truth vs. lies * Independence * Family relationships * Narrator: * Usually reliable because he tells facts. * Sometimes unreliable because he misunderstands emotions and social situations. ⸻ All Gold Canyon * A prospector discovers gold in an untouched canyon. * He carefully mines it. * Another man tries to steal it and shoots him. * The prospector survives and defeats the thief. * Themes: * Hard work * Greed * Nature’s beauty ⸻ The Thousand Dozen * David Rasmunsen transports 1,000 dozen eggs hoping to make a fortune. * Faces harsh weather and obstacles. * Egg prices drop before he can profit. * Themes: * Ambition * Greed * Risk ⸻ To Build a Fire * A man travels alone in freezing weather. * Ignores warnings from experienced people. * Cannot start a fire and dies. * Theme: * Man vs. Nature * Lesson: * Nature is stronger than humans. ⸻ The Tell-Tale Heart * Narrator murders an old man. * Hides the body. * Imagines hearing the dead man’s heartbeat. * Confesses. * Theme: * Guilt * Madness * Narrator is unreliable. ⸻ The Raven * A man mourns Lenore. * A raven repeatedly says “Nevermore.” * He becomes increasingly emotional. * Themes: * Grief * Loss * Madness ⸻ The Veldt * Parents give children a virtual-reality nursery. * Children become obsessed with it. * Technology replaces family relationships. * Theme: * Man vs. Technology ⸻ Fahrenheit 451 Plot * Guy Montag burns books. * Meets Clarisse, who makes him question society. * Begins reading books. * Escapes after turning against the government. Themes Distraction vs. Happiness People are constantly entertained but not truly happy. Mass Media Television controls people’s thinking. Knowledge vs. Ignorance Books contain knowledge; society wants ignorance. Conformity vs. Individuality People are expected to think the same. Action vs. Inaction Montag changes because he acts instead of remaining passive. ⸻ Maus Plot Art Spiegelman tells his father Vladek’s Holocaust story. Characters * Vladek = survivor * Artie = son Themes * Trauma * Survival * Family conflict ⸻ Death of a Salesman Plot Willy Loman believes success comes from popularity. His dreams fall apart. He dies hoping insurance money will help his family. Themes * American Dream * Reality vs. illusion * Family expectations ⸻ A Midsummer Night’s Dream Plot Lovers run into a forest. Fairies use magic. Everyone falls in love with the wrong person. Magic is fixed. Multiple marriages occur. Themes * Love * Appearance vs. reality * Imagination ⸻ POETRY TERMS Haiku * 3 lines * 5 syllables * 7 syllables * 5 syllables Example: Summer sunlight shines Waves crash softly on the shoreline Warm sand hugs my feet ⸻ Concrete Poem A poem shaped like its subject. ⸻ What is a Meme? A piece of media shared online that spreads an idea, joke, or trend. ⸻ Phone Manner Unit Likely covered: * Answering politely * Speaking clearly * Leaving messages * Professional communication ⸻ Iambic Pentameter 10 syllables per line. Pattern: da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM Used by Shakespeare. ⸻ Couplet Two rhyming lines. Example: The moon shines bright above the sea. Its silver light belongs to me. ⸻ Meter The rhythm pattern of poetry. ⸻ Imagery Language that appeals to senses. Example: The warm chocolate smell drifted through the kitchen. ⸻ Dystopia A society with oppression or major problems. Example: Fahrenheit 451. ⸻ GRAMMAR Nouns Person, place, thing, idea. Verbs Action or state of being. Adverbs Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Example: * He ran quickly. ⸻ RELIABLE VS UNRELIABLE NARRATORS Reliable Tells truth accurately. Example: Christopher from Curious Incident. Unreliable Lies, misunderstands, or is mentally unstable. Example: Narrator from The Tell-Tale Heart. ⸻ IDIOMS Common examples: * Break a leg * Piece of cake * Hit the books * Under the weather Know meanings, not literal definitions. ⸻ AMERICAN DREAM Belief that hard work leads to success. In Death of a Salesman: * Willy misunderstands the American Dream. * He values popularity over hard work. ⸻ TOXIC MASCULINITY The belief that men should: * Never cry * Never show emotions * Always be tough Can cause unhealthy behavior. ⸻ FRAGILITY OF HUMAN LIFE Life is delicate and can change suddenly. Examples: * To Build a Fire * The Thousand Dozen ⸻ MAN VS NATURE Human struggles against natural forces. Examples: * To Build a Fire * All Gold Canyon ⸻ MAN VS TECHNOLOGY Technology creates conflict. Examples: * The Veldt * Fahrenheit 451 ⸻ THEATER TERMS Upstage Away from audience. Downstage Closer to audience. Stage Left Actor’s left. Stage Right Actor’s right. Wings Areas offstage. Props Objects used by actors. Scenery Background pieces. Blocking Actor movement. Costume Actor clothing. Greenroom Waiting room for performers. Backstage Area behind stage. Apron/Forestage Part of stage extending toward audience. Box Office Where tickets are sold. Run Series of performances. Fourth Wall Invisible wall between audience and actors. Cue Signal to begin action. ⸻ GRAPHIC NOVEL TERMS Foreground Closest part. Midground Middle section. Background Farthest section. Symbolism Object representing an idea. Foreshadowing Hint about future events. Flashback Scene from the past. Speech Bubble Shows speech. Thought Bubble Shows thoughts. Caption Narration box. Gutter Space between panels. Panel Single comic frame. ⸻ AUTHORS William Shakespeare * English playwright * Wrote A Midsummer Night’s Dream * Used iambic pentameter Jack London * Wrote: * To Build a Fire * The Thousand Dozen * All Gold Canyon * Themes often involve nature and survival. Edgar Allan Poe * Wrote: * The Raven * The Tell-Tale Heart * Famous for horror and suspense. The Jabberwocky * A nonsense poem by Lewis Carroll. * A young hero is warned about the dangerous Jabberwock. * He goes on a quest and kills the monster. * Theme: bravery and heroism. * Important: The poem uses many made-up words, but readers can still understand the story through context. ⸻ The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time * Christopher Boone investigates the death of a neighbor’s dog. * He discovers family secrets, including that his mother is alive. * Christopher struggles with social situations and change. * Theme: * Truth vs. lies * Independence * Family relationships * Narrator: * Usually reliable because he tells facts. * Sometimes unreliable because he misunderstands emotions and social situations. ⸻ All Gold Canyon * A prospector discovers gold in an untouched canyon. * He carefully mines it. * Another man tries to steal it and shoots him. * The prospector survives and defeats the thief. * Themes: * Hard work * Greed * Nature’s beauty ⸻ The Thousand Dozen * David Rasmunsen transports 1,000 dozen eggs hoping to make a fortune. * Faces harsh weather and obstacles. * Egg prices drop before he can profit. * Themes: * Ambition * Greed * Risk ⸻ To Build a Fire * A man travels alone in freezing weather. * Ignores warnings from experienced people. * Cannot start a fire and dies. * Theme: * Man vs. Nature * Lesson: * Nature is stronger than humans. ⸻ The Tell-Tale Heart * Narrator murders an old man. * Hides the body. * Imagines hearing the dead man’s heartbeat. * Confesses. * Theme: * Guilt * Madness * Narrator is unreliable. ⸻ The Raven * A man mourns Lenore. * A raven repeatedly says “Nevermore.” * He becomes increasingly emotional. * Themes: * Grief * Loss * Madness ⸻ The Veldt * Parents give children a virtual-reality nursery. * Children become obsessed with it. * Technology replaces family relationships. * Theme: * Man vs. Technology ⸻ Fahrenheit 451 Plot * Guy Montag burns books. * Meets Clarisse, who makes him question society. * Begins reading books. * Escapes after turning against the government. Themes Distraction vs. Happiness People are constantly entertained but not truly happy. Mass Media Television controls people’s thinking. Knowledge vs. Ignorance Books contain knowledge; society wants ignorance. Conformity vs. Individuality People are expected to think the same. Action vs. Inaction Montag changes because he acts instead of remaining passive. ⸻ Maus Plot Art Spiegelman tells his father Vladek’s Holocaust story. Characters * Vladek = survivor * Artie = son Themes * Trauma * Survival * Family conflict ⸻ Death of a Salesman Plot Willy Loman believes success comes from popularity. His dreams fall apart. He dies hoping insurance money will help his family. Themes * American Dream * Reality vs. illusion * Family expectations ⸻ A Midsummer Night’s Dream Plot Lovers run into a forest. Fairies use magic. Everyone falls in love with the wrong person. Magic is fixed. Multiple marriages occur. Themes * Love * Appearance vs. reality * Imagination ⸻ POETRY TERMS Haiku * 3 lines * 5 syllables * 7 syllables * 5 syllables Example: Summer sunlight shines Waves crash softly on the shoreline Warm sand hugs my feet ⸻ Concrete Poem A poem shaped like its subject. ⸻ What is a Meme? A piece of media shared online that spreads an idea, joke, or trend. ⸻ Phone Manner Unit Likely covered: * Answering politely * Speaking clearly * Leaving messages * Professional communication ⸻ Iambic Pentameter 10 syllables per line. Pattern: da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM Used by Shakespeare. ⸻ Couplet Two rhyming lines. Example: The moon shines bright above the sea. Its silver light belongs to me. ⸻ Meter The rhythm pattern of poetry. ⸻ Imagery Language that appeals to senses. Example: The warm chocolate smell drifted through the kitchen. ⸻ Dystopia A society with oppression or major problems. Example: Fahrenheit 451. ⸻ GRAMMAR Nouns Person, place, thing, idea. Verbs Action or state of being. Adverbs Describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Example: * He ran quickly. ⸻ RELIABLE VS UNRELIABLE NARRATORS Reliable Tells truth accurately. Example: Christopher from Curious Incident. Unreliable Lies, misunderstands, or is mentally unstable. Example: Narrator from The Tell-Tale Heart. ⸻ IDIOMS Common examples: * Break a leg * Piece of cake * Hit the books * Under the weather Know meanings, not literal definitions. ⸻ AMERICAN DREAM Belief that hard work leads to success. In Death of a Salesman: * Willy misunderstands the American Dream. * He values popularity over hard work. ⸻ TOXIC MASCULINITY The belief that men should: * Never cry * Never show emotions * Always be tough Can cause unhealthy behavior. ⸻ FRAGILITY OF HUMAN LIFE Life is delicate and can change suddenly. Examples: * To Build a Fire * The Thousand Dozen ⸻ MAN VS NATURE Human struggles against natural forces. Examples: * To Build a Fire * All Gold Canyon ⸻ MAN VS TECHNOLOGY Technology creates conflict. Examples: * The Veldt * Fahrenheit 451 ⸻ THEATER TERMS Upstage Away from audience. Downstage Closer to audience. Stage Left Actor’s left. Stage Right Actor’s right. Wings Areas offstage. Props Objects used by actors. Scenery Background pieces. Blocking Actor movement. Costume Actor clothing. Greenroom Waiting room for performers. Backstage Area behind stage. Apron/Forestage Part of stage extending toward audience. Box Office Where tickets are sold. Run Series of performances. Fourth Wall Invisible wall between audience and actors. Cue Signal to begin action. ⸻ GRAPHIC NOVEL TERMS Foreground Closest part. Midground Middle section. Background Farthest section. Symbolism Object representing an idea. Foreshadowing Hint about future events. Flashback Scene from the past. Speech Bubble Shows speech. Thought Bubble Shows thoughts. Caption Narration box. Gutter Space between panels. Panel Single comic frame. ⸻ AUTHORS William Shakespeare * English playwright * Wrote A Midsummer Night’s Dream * Used iambic pentameter Jack London * Wrote: * To Build a Fire * The Thousand Dozen * All Gold Canyon * Themes often involve nature and survival. Edgar Allan Poe * Wrote: * The Raven * The Tell-Tale Heart * Famous for horror and suspense

Obsesity Indication

Obsessive-Compulsive and Somatic Symptom Disorder

Lecture 3.4: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

10 nov: obsessie - astronomisch 5de

NCLEX Review: Mental Health Disorders Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Excessive worry lasting 6 months or more Symptoms: Restlessness Muscle tension Fatigue Poor concentration Sleep disturbance Panic Disorder Sudden intense fear with: Chest pain Palpitations Shortness of breath Feeling of doom Nursing: Stay with client Calm environment Short/simple communication Phobias Irrational fear of object/situation Treatment: Exposure therapy CBT SSRIs sometimes used OCD (Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) Obsessions = intrusive thoughts Compulsions = repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety Nursing: Do not suddenly stop rituals Set limits gradually Encourage coping skills PTSD Triggered after traumatic event Symptoms: Flashbacks Hypervigilance Nightmares Avoidance Priority: Safety Trauma-informed care Depression Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms SIGECAPS: Sleep changes Interest loss Guilt Energy low Concentration poor Appetite changes Psychomotor changes Suicidal thoughts Nursing Priorities Suicide assessment Nutrition/hydration Sleep/rest Medication adherence Medications SSRIs Examples: Sertraline Fluoxetine Teachings: Takes weeks to work Do not stop abruptly Watch for serotonin syndrome Serotonin Syndrome Symptoms: Agitation Fever Tremor Hyperreflexia Diarrhea Bipolar Disorder Mania Symptoms Mnemonic: DIG FAST Distractibility Indiscretion Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activity increased Sleep deficit Talkative Nursing Care Reduce stimulation Set firm limits High-calorie finger foods Encourage rest Medications Mood Stabilizers Lithium Anticonvulsants Lithium Toxicity Therapeutic level: 0.6–1.2 mEq/L Toxic signs: Tremor Vomiting Confusion Ataxia Severe diarrhea Important: Maintain sodium/fluid intake Dehydration increases toxicity risk Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Positive Symptoms Things added: Hallucinations Delusions Paranoia Disorganized speech Negative Symptoms Things lost: Flat affect Social withdrawal Anhedonia Lack of motivation Hallucination Nursing Response Present reality “I do not hear the voices.” Assess for command hallucinations Delusions Do NOT argue. Respond: “I understand this feels real to you.” Antipsychotics First Generation Haloperidol Risk: EPS Tardive dyskinesia Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) Second Generation Olanzapine Risperidone Risk: Weight gain Diabetes Metabolic syndrome EPS Symptoms Acute dystonia Akathisia Parkinsonism Tardive dyskinesia Treatment: Benztropine Diphenhydramine Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Medical emergency: Fever Rigidity Confusion Elevated CK Personality Disorders Cluster A Odd/eccentric Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal Cluster B Dramatic/emotional Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic Borderline Personality Disorder Fear of abandonment Splitting staff Self-harm risk Nursing: Consistent boundaries Team communication Cluster C Anxious/fearful Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Severe restriction Distorted body image Bradycardia Electrolyte imbalance Priority: Monitor cardiac status Daily weights Observe after meals Bulimia Nervosa Binge/purge behavior Normal weight often seen Complications: Hypokalemia Dental erosion Substance Use Disorders Alcohol Withdrawal Starts within hours after last drinkd

Chapter 23: Anxiety, Obsessive–Compulsive, and Related Disorders

OCD☑️ (obsessive compulsive disorder)

1. Compulsive (Adj - C1): Có tính cưỡng bách (không kiểm soát được). Đồng nghĩa: Uncontrollable, obsessive. Trái nghĩa: Voluntary, deliberate. 2. Digital detox (Collocation - B2): Giải độc kỹ thuật số (ngưng dùng thiết bị điện tử). Đồng nghĩa: Tech break, offline period. Trái nghĩa: Constant connectivity. 3. Dopamine hit (Thuật ngữ - C2): Sự giải phóng dopamine (tạo cảm giác hưng phấn tức thời). Đồng nghĩa: Instant gratification, rush. Trái nghĩa: Long-term satisfaction. 4. Cognitive load (Thuật ngữ - C2): Tải trọng nhận thức (mức độ hoạt động của trí não). Đồng nghĩa: Mental effort. Trái nghĩa: Mental relaxation. 5. Impulse control (Collocation - C1): Kiểm soát xung động. Đồng nghĩa: Self-restraint, willpower. Trái nghĩa: Recklessness, indulgence. 6. Ubiquity (Noun - C2): Sự phổ biến ở khắp mọi nơi. Đồng nghĩa: Omnipresence, pervasiveness. Trái nghĩa: Rarity, scarcity. 7. Detrimental (Adj - C1): Có hại, bất lợi. Đồng nghĩa: Harmful, damaging. Trái nghĩa: Beneficial, helpful. 8. Intermittent reinforcement (Thuật ngữ - C2): Củng cố ngắt quãng (cơ chế gây nghiện trong thông báo/mạng xã hội). Đồng nghĩa: Random rewards. Trái nghĩa: Continuous reinforcement. 9. Sedentary (Adj - C1): Thụ động, ít vận động. Đồng nghĩa: Inactive, stationary. Trái nghĩa: Active, mobile. 10. Attention span (Collocation - B2): Khoảng tập trung. Đồng nghĩa: Concentration duration. Trái nghĩa: Distractibility. 11. Aggregator (Noun - C1): Bộ thu thập/tổng hợp thông tin. Đồng nghĩa: Collector, synthesizer. Trái nghĩa: Disseminator. 12. Mitigate (Verb - C1): Giảm nhẹ, làm dịu bớt (tác động tiêu cực). Đồng nghĩa: Alleviate, lessen. Trái nghĩa: Exacerbate, aggravate. 13. Psychological dependency (Collocation - C2): Sự lệ thuộc vào tâm lý. Đồng nghĩa: Mental addiction. Trái nghĩa: Independence, autonomy. 14. Preoccupation (Noun - C1): Sự bận tâm, ám ảnh. Đồng nghĩa: Obsession, fixation. Trái nghĩa: Indifference, apathy. 15. Incessant (Adj - C2): Không ngừng, liên miên (thường gây khó chịu). Đồng nghĩa: Constant, never-ending. Trái nghĩa: Occasional, intermittent. 16. Proximity (Noun - C1): Sự gần gũi (về khoảng cách). Đồng nghĩa: Closeness, nearness. Trái nghĩa: Distance, remoteness. 17. Curb (Verb - B2): Kiềm chế, nén lại. Đồng nghĩa: Restrain, inhibit. Trái nghĩa: Release, encourage. 18. Mindfulness (Noun - B2): Sự chánh niệm/tỉnh thức. Đồng nghĩa: Awareness, attentiveness. Trái nghĩa: Absent-mindedness. 19. Disruptive (Adj - B2): Gây gián đoạn, phiền phức. Đồng nghĩa: Disturbing, unsettling. Trái nghĩa: Soothing, organizing. 20. Nuanced (Adj - C2): Sắc thái, tinh tế (nhiều khía cạnh nhỏ). Đồng nghĩa: Subtle, complex. Trái nghĩa: Simple, oversimplified. 21. Abstinence (Noun - C2): Sự kiêng khem, tiết chế. Đồng nghĩa: Refraining, avoidance. Trái nghĩa: Indulgence, excess. 22. Withdrawal symptoms (Collocation - C1): Các triệu chứng cai nghiện. Đồng nghĩa: Detox reactions. Trái nghĩa: Comfort, stability. 23. Incorporate (Verb - B2): Kết hợp, tích hợp vào (thói quen). Đồng nghĩa: Integrate, include. Trái nghĩa: Exclude, separate. 24. Social alienation (Collocation - C2): Sự xa lánh xã hội. Đồng nghĩa: Isolation, estrangement. Trái nghĩa: Social integration. 25. Default setting (Collocation - B2): Thiết lập mặc định. Đồng nghĩa: Pre-set configuration

Chapter 15: Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders

Chapter 15: Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders

Imagerie osseuse

Radio infection osseuse

Unit 1: Psychology’s History and Approaches Big Idea: Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This unit asks: Why do people think, feel, and behave the way they do, and how do psychologists study it? 1. Early Schools of Thought Structuralism Focused on breaking conscious experiences into smaller parts. Example: Describing every taste, smell, and feeling while eating pizza. Functionalism Focused on WHY behaviors and thoughts exist. Example: Fear exists because it helps humans survive danger. Connection: Structuralists asked “What are thoughts made of?” Functionalists asked “What purpose do thoughts serve?” 2. Major Psychological Perspectives Biological Perspective Behavior comes from the brain, genetics, and hormones. Example: Depression connected to serotonin levels. Behavioral Perspective Behavior is learned through rewards and punishments. Example: A dog learns tricks because it gets treats. Cognitive Perspective Focuses on thinking, memory, and problem-solving. Example: Why students remember some facts better than others. Humanistic Perspective Humans naturally strive for growth. Example: Trying to achieve goals and improve yourself. Psychodynamic Perspective Unconscious conflicts affect behavior. Example: Getting unusually angry because of hidden stress. Evolutionary Perspective Behaviors developed because they helped survival. Example: Humans naturally fearing dangerous animals. Sociocultural Perspective Behavior is shaped by culture and society. Example: Different cultures have different expectations for personal space. 3. Research Methods Experiment Used to determine cause and effect. Independent Variable What the researcher changes. Dependent Variable What the researcher measures. Example: Studying whether sleep affects test scores. * Amount of sleep = IV * Test score = DV Correlation Shows relationship between variables. Important: Correlation does NOT equal causation. Example: Ice cream sales and drowning both rise during summer. Random Assignment Participants randomly placed into groups. Helps reduce bias. Double-Blind Procedure Neither researchers nor participants know who receives treatment. Prevents expectations from affecting results. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION The AP exam loves asking: * Which perspective best explains this behavior? * Which research method should be used? * Why doesn’t correlation prove causation? Example: A psychologist studies how rewards affect studying. → Behavioral perspective + experiment Unit 2: Biological Basis of Behavior Big Idea: Your brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics all shape behavior. The whole unit asks: How do your body and brain create thoughts, emotions, and behavior? 1. Nature vs. Nurture = Who You Are Main Idea: Your behavior comes from BOTH: * Nature = genetics/heredity * Nurture = environment and experiences Example: Someone may inherit anxiety tendencies but stressful experiences can make anxiety stronger. 2. Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain + spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Sympathetic Nervous System Activates during stress. Example: Heart racing before giving a speech. Parasympathetic Nervous System Calms the body afterward. 3. Neurotransmitters Dopamine Reward and pleasure. Example: Social media likes feel rewarding. Serotonin Mood and sleep. Low levels linked to depression. Acetylcholine Movement and memory. Linked to Alzheimer’s disease. GABA Calms nervous system. Low GABA linked to anxiety. 4. Brain Structures Frontal Lobe Decision-making and personality. Occipital Lobe Vision. Temporal Lobe Hearing and memory. Hippocampus Memory formation. Amygdala Fear and aggression. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A student panicking before a test: * amygdala activates fear * sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate * adrenaline releases Unit 3: Sensation and Perception Big Idea: Sensation detects information. Perception interprets information. This unit asks: How does the brain create your experience of the world? 1. Sensation Absolute Threshold Smallest amount of stimulation needed to notice something. Example: Hearing a quiet text notification. Difference Threshold Smallest noticeable difference between stimuli. Example: Noticing the TV volume changed. Sensory Adaptation Becoming less aware of constant stimulation. Example: Not noticing your hoodie after wearing it awhile. 2. Vision Rods Help see in dim light. Cones Detect color. Blind Spot Area without receptors. 3. Hearing Frequency Determines pitch. Amplitude Determines loudness. 4. Perception Gestalt Principles The brain organizes pieces into meaningful wholes. Example: Seeing a complete logo even with missing parts. Depth Perception Ability to see distance in 3D. Example: Catching a volleyball. Perceptual Set Expectations affect perception. Example: Misreading a word because you expected something else. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION The exam often gives optical illusions or perception scenarios. Example: A person stops noticing a strong smell after 10 minutes. → sensory adaptation Unit 4: Learning Big Idea: Behavior changes because of experience. This unit asks: How do humans and animals learn behaviors? 1. Classical Conditioning Learning through association. Pavlov’s Dogs Dogs learned to associate a bell with food. Unconditioned Stimulus Naturally causes response. Conditioned Stimulus Previously neutral stimulus causing learned response. Example: Feeling hungry when hearing the microwave beep. 2. Operant Conditioning Learning through rewards and punishments. Positive Reinforcement Adding something good to increase behavior. Example: Getting money for good grades. Negative Reinforcement Removing something unpleasant. Example: Seatbelt alarm stopping. Punishment Decreases behavior. 3. Observational Learning Learning by watching others. Example: Kids copying influencers online. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION The AP exam loves reinforcement examples. Example: A student studies harder after praise from parents. → positive reinforcement Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology Big Idea: Humans think, remember, solve problems, and use language. This unit asks: How does the mind process information? 1. Memory Process Encoding Getting information into memory. Storage Keeping information over time. Retrieval Getting information back. 2. Types of Memory Sensory Memory Very brief memory. Short-Term Memory Temporary limited storage. Long-Term Memory Relatively permanent storage. Working Memory Actively using information. Example: Doing math in your head. 3. Forgetting Proactive Interference Old information disrupts new information. Retroactive Interference New information disrupts old information. Example: Forgetting old password after learning a new one. 4. Problem Solving Algorithm Step-by-step method. Heuristic Mental shortcut. Confirmation Bias Looking for information supporting beliefs. Example: Only reading opinions you already agree with. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A student mixes up Spanish vocabulary from last year with current vocabulary. → proactive interference Unit 6: Developmental Psychology Big Idea: Humans develop physically, mentally, and socially across life. This unit asks: How do people change from infancy through adulthood? 1. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Stage Babies learn through senses and actions. Object Permanence Understanding objects still exist when hidden. Example: Babies searching for hidden toys. Preoperational Stage Children use language but think egocentrically. Egocentrism Difficulty understanding another perspective. Example: A child assuming everyone sees exactly what they see. Concrete Operational Stage Logical thinking develops. Formal Operational Stage Abstract thinking develops. Example: Thinking about hypothetical situations. 2. Attachment Strong emotional bond with caregivers. Secure Attachment Healthy trust and comfort. 3. Parenting Styles Authoritative Strict but supportive. Usually healthiest. Authoritarian Strict with little warmth. Permissive Warm but few rules. BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A teenager exploring identity and future goals. → Erikson’s identity vs role confusion stage Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and Personality Big Idea: Motivation drives behavior, emotions affect actions, and personality shapes how people interact. 1. Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory People act to reduce discomfort. Example: Eating when hungry. Maslow’s Hierarchy Basic needs come before higher goals. Example: Someone struggling financially may focus on survival before self-esteem. 2. Emotion Theories James-Lange Theory Physical response first. Example: Heart races THEN fear is felt. Cannon-Bard Theory Emotion and physical response happen together. Schachter Two-Factor Theory Emotion depends on physical arousal plus interpretation. 3. Personality Trait Theory Personality made of stable characteristics. Big Five Traits * openness * conscientiousness * extraversion * agreeableness * neuroticism BIG AP EXAM CONNECTION A student interpreting sweaty palms before a game as excitement. → Schachter two-factor theory Unit 8: Clinical Psychology Big Idea: Psychological disorders affect thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. This unit asks: How are disorders identified and treated? 1. Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Constant excessive worry. Phobias Irrational fears. OCD Obsessions and compulsions. 2. Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Persistent sadness and loss of interest. Bipolar Disorder Extreme mood swings. 3. Schizophrenia Disordered thinking and perception. Hallucinations False sensory experiences. Delusions False beliefs. 4

NURS 307: Chapter 23 - Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorder

The behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of phobias, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

AO1 The behavioural, emotional and cognitive characteristics of phobias, depression and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

[ABPSY] Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders