Language and Visual Aids
Language Guidelines:
Avoid demeaning or derogatory language that can offend the audience and damage credibility.
Use inclusive language and avoid bias in terms of race, gender, or religion.
Keep language simple and clear; avoid complex jargon or highfalutin words.
Tailor words to the audience’s demographic and comprehension level.
Use occasion-appropriate language; formal events require structured language, while casual settings may allow conversational tones.
Visual Aid Guidelines:
Prepare in advance to ensure effective use during speech.
Keep visuals simple; use key phrases instead of long sentences.
Ensure clarity; text and images should be visible from a distance.
Use readable fonts, preferably sans-serif for better readability.
Show visuals only when discussing them to avoid distractions.
Explain the visuals clearly; guide the audience on what to focus on.
Maintain eye contact and avoid excessive reliance on visuals.
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Spoken Texts
Evaluation Aspects:
1. Language:
Must be clear and appropriate for the topic and audience.
Avoid unnecessary jargon unless explained.
Should be easily understood.
2. Content:
Information should be relevant, well-supported, and detailed.
The speaker should provide enough evidence and explanation.
3. Structure:
A good speech has a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
The introduction should grab attention and provide background.
The body should have a smooth flow and balance between facts and opinions.
The conclusion should summarize and leave a lasting impact.
4. Delivery:
Speech rate – Should not be too fast or too slow.
Vocal variety – Adjust pitch and tone to enhance meaning.
Pauses – Used for emphasis and to give the audience time to absorb information.
Gestures – Should be purposeful and not distracting.
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Spoken Texts & Fluency
Fluency:
Requires smooth and spontaneous speech with minimal errors.
English is stress-timed – Stressed syllables occur at regular intervals.
Fluent speakers avoid hesitations and excessive searching for words.
Tone & Correctness:
Tone affects meaning – Variations in pitch and inflection add depth.
Correctness ensures credibility – Use accurate grammar and vocabulary.
Cohesion:
Speeches should be logically sequenced so listeners can follow easily.
Effective transitions between ideas enhance coherence.
Multimodal Texts:
A combination of two or more communication modes (spoken, visual, written, audio, gestural).
Examples: Oral presentations, posters, animations, podcasts, interactive stories.
Students should learn how different modes work together to enhance meaning.
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Verbal & Nonverbal Elements of an Effective Speech
Types of Communication:
1. Verbal Communication:
Involves words, either spoken or written.
Word choice impacts audience understanding and engagement.
2. Nonverbal Communication:
Proxemics – The distance between speaker and audience.
Kinesics – Body language, gestures, and eye contact.
Chronemics – The role of time in communication.
Paralanguage – Voice tone, volume, and speed.
Haptics – Use of touch (rare in public speaking).
Elements of an Effective Speech:
1. Preparation:
Define purpose (inform, persuade, entertain).
Know the audience (demographics, interests).
Consider the venue (size, setting).
Manage time (stay within limits).
Organize content (clear statement of facts, arguments, and call to action).
2. Delivery:
Articulation and voice modulation – Adjust volume and pitch for emphasis.
Pauses and pacing – Prevents monotony.
Gestures and facial expressions – Enhances engagement.
Rapport with audience – Builds connection and credibility.
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Final Notes:
Public speaking requires a balance of verbal and nonverbal elements.
Language should be clear, inclusive, and suited to the audience.
Effective visual aids enhance understanding but should not overshadow the speaker.
Speech structure should have a strong introduction, body, and conclusion.
Delivery must include vocal variety, appropriate pauses, and confident gestures.
Multimodal communication (combining visuals, speech, and text) strengthens the message.
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