Search for Theocracy

Chapitre 1 2. Platon Greek philosopher who believed the best society is ruled by wise and educated leaders (“philosopher-kings”). 3. Polis An independent Greek city-state with its own government and laws. 4. Aristote Greek philosopher who believed government should work for the common good and serve its citizens. 6. Aristocratie A government ruled by a small group of noble or privileged people. 7. Oligarchie A government controlled by a small group of powerful or wealthy people. 11. Bureaucratie A system where government decisions are carried out by officials and administrators. 12. Pouvoir exécutif The branch of government that enforces laws and runs the country day-to-day. 13. Parlement An elected group of representatives that makes laws. 14. Gouvernement autoritaire A government where one leader or small group holds most of the power and limits freedoms. 15. Pouvoir législatif The branch of government responsible for creating laws. 17. Pouvoir judiciaire The branch of government that interprets laws and operates the courts. 20. Nationalisme Strong pride in and loyalty to one’s nation, culture, and people. 21. Hobbes Believed people are naturally selfish and need a strong government to maintain order and security. 22. Locke Believed all people have natural rights (life, liberty, and property) that governments must protect. 23. Rousseau Believed political power comes from the people and governments should follow the “general will” of society. 25. Constitutionnalisme The principle that government power is limited by a constitution and laws. 26. Adam Smith Father of capitalism; believed free markets and competition create wealth and prosperity. 30. Marx Believed capitalism creates inequality because the rich control production; supported a classless society. 31. La bourgeoisie In Marxism, the wealthy class that owns businesses and the means of production. 37. Monarchie héréditaire A monarchy where power passes from one family member to another through inheritance. 38. Magna Carta A document signed in 1215 that limited the king’s power and established that everyone must follow the law. 40. Rapatrié The return of people, cultural objects, or remains to their country or homeland. 41. Représentation proportionnelle An electoral system where parties receive seats in proportion to the percentage of votes they earn. ⸻ Chapitre 1 (suite) 43. Coup d’État The sudden and often illegal removal of a government from power. 45. Totalitarisme A system where the government controls nearly every aspect of society, politics, and daily life. 48. Référendum A direct vote by citizens to accept or reject a law or political proposal. 49. Organisation non gouvernementale (ONG) An independent organization that works on social, humanitarian, or international issues without being controlled by a government. ⸻ Chapitre 2 1. Idéologie politique A set of beliefs and values about how government and society should function. 2. Libéralisme An ideology that values individual rights, freedom, democracy, and equality before the law. 3. Conservatisme An ideology that values tradition, stability, and gradual change rather than rapid reform. 4. Échiquier politique A spectrum used to compare political beliefs, usually from left to right. 5. Centriste A person whose political views are moderate and fall between the left and right. 7. Libertarianisme The belief that people should have maximum personal freedom and government should have very limited power. 11. Égalitariste A person who believes everyone should have equal rights, opportunities, and treatment. 12. Utilitarisme The idea that decisions should create the greatest happiness or benefit for the greatest number of people. 16. Syndicats Organizations that represent workers and protect their rights, wages, and working conditions. 17. Totalitarisme A political system where the state has complete control over society and citizens. 18. Anarchisme The belief that society can function without a government or centralized authority. 19. Communisme A system where property and resources are collectively owned and social classes no longer exist. 21. Socialisme An economic and political system where important industries are owned or controlled by society or the government to reduce inequality. 23. Syndicalisation The process of joining or creating a labour union. 24. Socialisme démocratique An ideology that supports democracy while using government policies to reduce economic inequality. 28. Adam Smith Believed economic freedom, competition, and free trade benefit society. 29. Capitalisme An economic system based on private ownership, profit, competition, and free markets. ⸻ Chapitre 2 (suite) 30. Mercantilisme The belief that a country becomes richer by controlling trade and exporting more than it imports. 31. Laisser-faire An economic idea that government should interfere as little as possible in the economy. 32. Fascisme An extreme authoritarian ideology that promotes nationalism, obedience to the state, and strong centralized power. 36. Libre-échange Trade between countries with few or no tariffs, taxes, or restrictions. 37. Privatisation The transfer of a government-owned business or service to private ownership. 41. Nationaliser To transfer a private company or industry into government ownership. 46. Féminisme A movement and ideology that seeks equal rights and opportunities for all genders. 47. Mouvement social A group of people working together to create social or political change. 51. Écologisme A movement and ideology focused on protecting the environment and promoting sustainability. 54. Justice sociale Chapitre 3 1. Désobéissance civile The peaceful and deliberate breaking of a law to protest something considered unjust. 2. Religion civile Shared beliefs, symbols, and values that unite a nation and create a sense of national identity. 3. Religion d’État A religion that is officially recognized and supported by a government. 4. Diaspora A group of people living outside their ancestral homeland while maintaining ties to their culture. 5. L’Holocauste The genocide of approximately six million Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II. 6. Djihad In Islam, a struggle or effort in the service of God; it can refer to a personal spiritual struggle or, in some cases, armed defense of the faith. 7. Théocratie A form of government where religious leaders rule and religious law guides the state. 8. Suffrage The right to vote in elections. 9. Siècle des Lumières An intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights. 10. La séparation de l’Église et de l’État The principle that government and religious institutions should remain independent from one another. 11. Dogme A principle or belief accepted as unquestionably true by a religion or ideology. 12. Fondamentalisme A movement that seeks a strict return to the original principles of a religion. 13. Démographie The study of populations, including their size, growth, and characteristics. 14. Sionisme A political movement supporting the creation and preservation of a Jewish homeland in Israel. The idea that society should be fair and provide equal rights, opportunities, and access to resources.

jhjh (ง’̀-‘́)ง (≖_≖ ) o_O (▀̿Ĺ̯▀̿ ̿) Post Aristotelian Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, and Modern Philosophy Plotinus, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Kant Descartes, John Locke The two topical sections - Logic and Possible worlds History Section (~75% of the Test) Matching - Associate the Person with the appropriate Topic, Theory, or Proposition He gives the categories/words and we find who it goes with Categorical imperative - Immanuel Kant Epistemic doubt - Rene Descartes Epistemic Certainty - Rene Descartes Father of Empiricism - Francis Bacon Numeral vs Phenomenal - Immanuel Kant Quinque Viae (The Five ways) - Aquinas Ways of negation vs reality - Baruch Spinoza We use three types of language to describe God, allegorical, equivocal, and univocal - Thomas Aquinas The theory of divine illumination - Augustine Theory of Emanation - Plotinus Wager for God’s existence - Pascal Originator of Ideal Forms - Plato Originator of the Theory of Abstraction - Aristotle Matching - Match the author to the book City of God - Augustine Prosolgian - Anselm of Canterbury Leviathan - Thomas Hobbs Pensées- Pascal The Aeneans - Plotinus Critique of Pure Reason - Kant True False Questions (around 20) Plotinus believed in the eternality of the world, but not the necessity of the world. - False Plotinus’ philosophy was explicitly religious. - True Although not a Christian Plotinus was sympathetic toward Christianity. - False Scholars hold that Thomas Aquinas denied the existence of innate knowledge and even affirmed belief in tabula rasa - True Concerning modern philosophy, empiricism describes the English posture, whereas rationalism describes the continental posture - True The Medieval Period was truly a period of dark ages - False John Locke closely followed the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. - False Whereas we usually associate induction with empiricism, we usually associate deduction with rationalism - True Multiple Choice Questions (Around 15) Which figure articulated man’s inability or ability to commit sins with the phrases posse peccare et posse non peccare, non posse non peccare, and non posse peccare? - Augustine Who ridiculed Anselm's argument for God's existence by saying he conceived the greatest possible Island? - Gaunilo Which figure followed the religion of Manichaeism for a time? - Augustine Albetro Magnus said we call him the dumb ox, but the bellows of that ox will resound throughout the whole world. Of who was he speaking? - Aquinas Which figure boiled anthropology down to emotion? - Hume That than which nothing or none greater can be thought. Is that cosmological, teleological, ontological, anthropological or moral argument? - Ontological Be able to rank Plotinus’ levels of the world The One (or The Good) The Mind The Soul The Body/the Physical Fill in the blank questions What phrase did Augustine use to describe Plato’s ideal forms? They are “divine ideas”? The four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues - 3 theological virtues: faith, hope, and love 4 cardinal virtues: courage, justice, temperance, prudence Have a good working knowledge of the double theory of truth and whether it's a good or bad thing. This is a Bad thing Averröes proposed that the truth relating to philosophy can be different than in religion. For example, much of Aristotelian philosophy contradicts Muslim/Christian theocracy. Averröes proposes that this doesn’t matter. Short Answer (Four of Six Questions) The respective relationships of faith and reason and how they engage those between Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Augustine - I believe in order to understand (credo ut intelligam) Basically, faith has priority over reason. We only learn because God reveals it to us through Divine Illumination Faith is the foundation; reason is its servant and helper. Aquinas - Natural truths - known by reason Revealed truths - known only by faith Preliminary truths - reason can demonstrate them, but revelation also teaches them. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas and Abraham Piper believed certain things regarding the church state relationship. Augustine: Two cities; separate but related. Restrain sin, maintain order. Aquinas: Distinct but complementary; harmony. Promote common good, natural law. The state should be subject to moral law and that the Church should be free from political interference. Piper: Rejection of religious influence in politics. Secular, non-religious governance. The question about the City of God and The City of Man City of God: is formed by the love of God even to the contempt of self. Spiritual and eternal. The people in this city love God, and put him over every aspect of their life Seeks humility and obedience to God City of Man: Is formed by the love of self even to the contempt of God. They love themselves more than anything else, including God Defined by selfish and worldly desires. Temporary and fleshly They will be united in the judgment Where does evil come from? Why does it exist? Augstine says evil is just a lesser good. For example, choosing something that does less harm is less evil than choosing something worse. Likewise, Aquinas offers his view saying that evil is the perversion of good. Both say it’s the privation of good. Logic and Possible Worlds (~25%) True False Questions (around 10) All descriptions of God are essential properties. - False (He might reword this question) The laws of Logic, which are laws of truth, are a reflection of the Character of the being that is God - True A proposition may be false - True Know the three Laws of Logic Law of Identity - Each thing is identical with itself Law of noncontradictions - The same attribute cannot at the same time and in the same respect belong and not belong to the same subject. A cannot be both A and not-A at the same time Law of the excluded middle - For any proposition P, either P is true or not-P is true. Multiple Choice Questions Who defines Philosophy as thinking really hard about something? - Alvin Plantinga Four Questions: Identify whether it's formally valid or not formally valid according to Sentential logic? Note that an argument may follow the rules of sentential logic but fail as a good deductive argument. Or it may make a true statement that fails to follow the rules of sentential logic. Ex 1. Premise 1: All people like to read and run Premise 2: You are a person Conclusion: You like to read and run. Ex 2 (This is an example he gave of something that doesn’t follow logic). Premise 1: If you listen to the soundtrack of The Fellowship of the Ring, the first film of The Lord of the Rings series, then you are listening to Howard Shore. Premise 2: You listen to the soundtrack of The Return of the King, the third film of The Lord of the Rings series. Conclusion: You are listening to Howard Shore Sometimes a thing can be true but not follow sentential logic. Post Aristotelian Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, and Modern Philosophy Plotinus, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Kant Descartes, John Locke The two topical sections - Logic and Possible worlds History Section (~75% of the Test) Matching - Associate the Person with the appropriate Topic, Theory, or Proposition He gives the categories/words and we find who it goes with Categorical imperative - Immanuel Kant Epistemic doubt - Rene Descartes Epistemic Certainty - Rene Descartes Father of Empiricism - Francis Bacon Numeral vs Phenomenal - Immanuel Kant Quinque Viae (The Five ways) - Aquinas Ways of negation vs reality - Baruch Spinoza We use three types of language to describe God, allegorical, equivocal, and univocal - Thomas Aquinas The theory of divine illumination - Augustine Theory of Emanation - Plotinus Wager for God’s existence - Pascal Originator of Ideal Forms - Plato Originator of the Theory of Abstraction - Aristotle Matching - Match the author to the book City of God - Augustine Prosolgian - Anselm of Canterbury Leviathan - Thomas Hobbs Pensées- Pascal The Aeneans - Plotinus Critique of Pure Reason - Kant True False Questions (around 20) Plotinus believed in the eternality of the world, but not the necessity of the world. - False Plotinus’ philosophy was explicitly religious. - True Although not a Christian Plotinus was sympathetic toward Christianity. - False Scholars hold that Thomas Aquinas denied the existence of innate knowledge and even affirmed belief in tabula rasa - True Concerning modern philosophy, empiricism describes the English posture, whereas rationalism describes the continental posture - True The Medieval Period was truly a period of dark ages - False John Locke closely followed the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. - False Whereas we usually associate induction with empiricism, we usually associate deduction with rationalism - True Multiple Choice Questions (Around 15) Which figure articulated man’s inability or ability to commit sins with the phrases posse peccare et posse non peccare, non posse non peccare, and non posse peccare? - Augustine Who ridiculed Anselm's argument for God's existence by saying he conceived the greatest possible Island? - Gaunilo Which figure followed the religion of Manichaeism for a time? - Augustine Albetro Magnus said we call him the dumb ox, but the bellows of that ox will resound throughout the whole world. Of who was he speaking? - Aquinas Which figure boiled anthropology down to emotion? - Hume That than which nothing or none greater can be thought. Is that cosmological, teleological, ontological, anthropological or moral argument? - Ontological Be able to rank Plotinus’ levels of the world The One (or The Good) The Mind The Soul The Body/the Physical Fill in the blank questions What phrase did Augustine use to describe Plato’s ideal forms? They are “divine ideas”? The four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues - 3 theological virtues: faith, hope, and love 4 cardinal virtues: courage, justice, temperance, prudence Have a good working knowledge of the double theory of truth and whether it's a good or bad thing. This is a Bad thing Averröes proposed that the truth relating to philosophy can be different than in religion. For example, much of Aristotelian philosophy contradicts Muslim/Christian theocracy. Averröes proposes that this doesn’t matter. Short Answer (Four of Six Questions) The respective relationships of faith and reason and how they engage those between Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Augustine - I believe in order to understand (credo ut intelligam) Basically, faith has priority over reason. We only learn because God reveals it to us through Divine Illumination Faith is the foundation; reason is its servant and helper. Aquinas - Natural truths - known by reason Revealed truths - known only by faith Preliminary truths - reason can demonstrate them, but revelation also teaches them. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas and Abraham Piper believed certain things regarding the church state relationship. Augustine: Two cities; separate but related. Restrain sin, maintain order. Aquinas: Distinct but complementary; harmony. Promote common good, natural law. The state should be subject to moral law and that the Church should be free from political interference. Piper: Rejection of religious influence in politics. Secular, non-religious governance. The question about the City of God and The City of Man City of God: is formed by the love of God even to the contempt of self. Spiritual and eternal. The people in this city love God, and put him over every aspect of their life Seeks humility and obedience to God City of Man: Is formed by the love of self even to the contempt of God. They love themselves more than anything else, including God Defined by selfish and worldly desires. Temporary and fleshly They will be united in the judgment Where does evil come from? Why does it exist? Augstine says evil is just a lesser good. For example, choosing something that does less harm is less evil than choosing something worse. Likewise, Aquinas offers his view saying that evil is the perversion of good. Both say it’s the privation of good. Logic and Possible Worlds (~25%) True False Questions (around 10) All descriptions of God are essential properties. - False (He might reword this question) The laws of Logic, which are laws of truth, are a reflection of the Character of the being that is God - True A proposition may be false - True Know the three Laws of Logic Law of Identity - Each thing is identical with itself Law of noncontradictions - The same attribute cannot at the same time and in the same respect belong and not belong to the same subject. A cannot be both A and not-A at the same time Law of the excluded middle - For any proposition P, either P is true or not-P is true. Multiple Choice Questions Who defines Philosophy as thinking really hard about something? - Alvin Plantinga Four Questions: Identify whether it's formally valid or not formally valid according to Sentential logic? Note that an argument may follow the rules of sentential logic but fail as a good deductive argument. Or it may make a true statement that fails to follow the rules of sentential logic. Ex 1. Premise 1: All people like to read and run Premise 2: You are a person Conclusion: You like to read and run. Ex 2 (This is an example he gave of something that doesn’t follow logic). Premise 1: If you listen to the soundtrack of The Fellowship of the Ring, the first film of The Lord of the Rings series, then you are listening to Howard Shore. Premise 2: You listen to the soundtrack of The Return of the King, the third film of The Lord of the Rings series. Conclusion: You are listening to Howard Shore Sometimes a thing can be true but not follow sentential logic