jhjh (ง’̀-‘́)ง (≖_≖ ) o_O (▀̿Ĺ̯▀̿ ̿) Post Aristotelian Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, and Modern Philosophy Plotinus, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Kant Descartes, John Locke The two topical sections - Logic and Possible worlds History Section (~75% of the Test) Matching - Associate the Person with the appropriate Topic, Theory, or Proposition He gives the categories/words and we find who it goes with Categorical imperative - Immanuel Kant Epistemic doubt - Rene Descartes Epistemic Certainty - Rene Descartes Father of Empiricism - Francis Bacon Numeral vs Phenomenal - Immanuel Kant Quinque Viae (The Five ways) - Aquinas Ways of negation vs reality - Baruch Spinoza We use three types of language to describe God, allegorical, equivocal, and univocal - Thomas Aquinas The theory of divine illumination - Augustine Theory of Emanation - Plotinus Wager for God’s existence - Pascal Originator of Ideal Forms - Plato Originator of the Theory of Abstraction - Aristotle Matching - Match the author to the book City of God - Augustine Prosolgian - Anselm of Canterbury Leviathan - Thomas Hobbs Pensées- Pascal The Aeneans - Plotinus Critique of Pure Reason - Kant True False Questions (around 20) Plotinus believed in the eternality of the world, but not the necessity of the world. - False Plotinus’ philosophy was explicitly religious. - True Although not a Christian Plotinus was sympathetic toward Christianity. - False Scholars hold that Thomas Aquinas denied the existence of innate knowledge and even affirmed belief in tabula rasa - True Concerning modern philosophy, empiricism describes the English posture, whereas rationalism describes the continental posture - True The Medieval Period was truly a period of dark ages - False John Locke closely followed the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. - False Whereas we usually associate induction with empiricism, we usually associate deduction with rationalism - True Multiple Choice Questions (Around 15) Which figure articulated man’s inability or ability to commit sins with the phrases posse peccare et posse non peccare, non posse non peccare, and non posse peccare? - Augustine Who ridiculed Anselm's argument for God's existence by saying he conceived the greatest possible Island? - Gaunilo Which figure followed the religion of Manichaeism for a time? - Augustine Albetro Magnus said we call him the dumb ox, but the bellows of that ox will resound throughout the whole world. Of who was he speaking? - Aquinas Which figure boiled anthropology down to emotion? - Hume That than which nothing or none greater can be thought. Is that cosmological, teleological, ontological, anthropological or moral argument? - Ontological Be able to rank Plotinus’ levels of the world The One (or The Good) The Mind The Soul The Body/the Physical Fill in the blank questions What phrase did Augustine use to describe Plato’s ideal forms? They are “divine ideas”? The four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues - 3 theological virtues: faith, hope, and love 4 cardinal virtues: courage, justice, temperance, prudence Have a good working knowledge of the double theory of truth and whether it's a good or bad thing. This is a Bad thing Averröes proposed that the truth relating to philosophy can be different than in religion. For example, much of Aristotelian philosophy contradicts Muslim/Christian theocracy. Averröes proposes that this doesn’t matter. Short Answer (Four of Six Questions) The respective relationships of faith and reason and how they engage those between Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Augustine - I believe in order to understand (credo ut intelligam) Basically, faith has priority over reason. We only learn because God reveals it to us through Divine Illumination Faith is the foundation; reason is its servant and helper. Aquinas - Natural truths - known by reason Revealed truths - known only by faith Preliminary truths - reason can demonstrate them, but revelation also teaches them. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas and Abraham Piper believed certain things regarding the church state relationship. Augustine: Two cities; separate but related. Restrain sin, maintain order. Aquinas: Distinct but complementary; harmony. Promote common good, natural law. The state should be subject to moral law and that the Church should be free from political interference. Piper: Rejection of religious influence in politics. Secular, non-religious governance. The question about the City of God and The City of Man City of God: is formed by the love of God even to the contempt of self. Spiritual and eternal. The people in this city love God, and put him over every aspect of their life Seeks humility and obedience to God City of Man: Is formed by the love of self even to the contempt of God. They love themselves more than anything else, including God Defined by selfish and worldly desires. Temporary and fleshly They will be united in the judgment Where does evil come from? Why does it exist? Augstine says evil is just a lesser good. For example, choosing something that does less harm is less evil than choosing something worse. Likewise, Aquinas offers his view saying that evil is the perversion of good. Both say it’s the privation of good. Logic and Possible Worlds (~25%) True False Questions (around 10) All descriptions of God are essential properties. - False (He might reword this question) The laws of Logic, which are laws of truth, are a reflection of the Character of the being that is God - True A proposition may be false - True Know the three Laws of Logic Law of Identity - Each thing is identical with itself Law of noncontradictions - The same attribute cannot at the same time and in the same respect belong and not belong to the same subject. A cannot be both A and not-A at the same time Law of the excluded middle - For any proposition P, either P is true or not-P is true. Multiple Choice Questions Who defines Philosophy as thinking really hard about something? - Alvin Plantinga Four Questions: Identify whether it's formally valid or not formally valid according to Sentential logic? Note that an argument may follow the rules of sentential logic but fail as a good deductive argument. Or it may make a true statement that fails to follow the rules of sentential logic. Ex 1. Premise 1: All people like to read and run Premise 2: You are a person Conclusion: You like to read and run. Ex 2 (This is an example he gave of something that doesn’t follow logic). Premise 1: If you listen to the soundtrack of The Fellowship of the Ring, the first film of The Lord of the Rings series, then you are listening to Howard Shore. Premise 2: You listen to the soundtrack of The Return of the King, the third film of The Lord of the Rings series. Conclusion: You are listening to Howard Shore Sometimes a thing can be true but not follow sentential logic. Post Aristotelian Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, and Modern Philosophy Plotinus, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Kant Descartes, John Locke The two topical sections - Logic and Possible worlds History Section (~75% of the Test) Matching - Associate the Person with the appropriate Topic, Theory, or Proposition He gives the categories/words and we find who it goes with Categorical imperative - Immanuel Kant Epistemic doubt - Rene Descartes Epistemic Certainty - Rene Descartes Father of Empiricism - Francis Bacon Numeral vs Phenomenal - Immanuel Kant Quinque Viae (The Five ways) - Aquinas Ways of negation vs reality - Baruch Spinoza We use three types of language to describe God, allegorical, equivocal, and univocal - Thomas Aquinas The theory of divine illumination - Augustine Theory of Emanation - Plotinus Wager for God’s existence - Pascal Originator of Ideal Forms - Plato Originator of the Theory of Abstraction - Aristotle Matching - Match the author to the book City of God - Augustine Prosolgian - Anselm of Canterbury Leviathan - Thomas Hobbs Pensées- Pascal The Aeneans - Plotinus Critique of Pure Reason - Kant True False Questions (around 20) Plotinus believed in the eternality of the world, but not the necessity of the world. - False Plotinus’ philosophy was explicitly religious. - True Although not a Christian Plotinus was sympathetic toward Christianity. - False Scholars hold that Thomas Aquinas denied the existence of innate knowledge and even affirmed belief in tabula rasa - True Concerning modern philosophy, empiricism describes the English posture, whereas rationalism describes the continental posture - True The Medieval Period was truly a period of dark ages - False John Locke closely followed the political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. - False Whereas we usually associate induction with empiricism, we usually associate deduction with rationalism - True Multiple Choice Questions (Around 15) Which figure articulated man’s inability or ability to commit sins with the phrases posse peccare et posse non peccare, non posse non peccare, and non posse peccare? - Augustine Who ridiculed Anselm's argument for God's existence by saying he conceived the greatest possible Island? - Gaunilo Which figure followed the religion of Manichaeism for a time? - Augustine Albetro Magnus said we call him the dumb ox, but the bellows of that ox will resound throughout the whole world. Of who was he speaking? - Aquinas Which figure boiled anthropology down to emotion? - Hume That than which nothing or none greater can be thought. Is that cosmological, teleological, ontological, anthropological or moral argument? - Ontological Be able to rank Plotinus’ levels of the world The One (or The Good) The Mind The Soul The Body/the Physical Fill in the blank questions What phrase did Augustine use to describe Plato’s ideal forms? They are “divine ideas”? The four cardinal virtues and the three theological virtues - 3 theological virtues: faith, hope, and love 4 cardinal virtues: courage, justice, temperance, prudence Have a good working knowledge of the double theory of truth and whether it's a good or bad thing. This is a Bad thing Averröes proposed that the truth relating to philosophy can be different than in religion. For example, much of Aristotelian philosophy contradicts Muslim/Christian theocracy. Averröes proposes that this doesn’t matter. Short Answer (Four of Six Questions) The respective relationships of faith and reason and how they engage those between Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. Augustine - I believe in order to understand (credo ut intelligam) Basically, faith has priority over reason. We only learn because God reveals it to us through Divine Illumination Faith is the foundation; reason is its servant and helper. Aquinas - Natural truths - known by reason Revealed truths - known only by faith Preliminary truths - reason can demonstrate them, but revelation also teaches them. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas and Abraham Piper believed certain things regarding the church state relationship. Augustine: Two cities; separate but related. Restrain sin, maintain order. Aquinas: Distinct but complementary; harmony. Promote common good, natural law. The state should be subject to moral law and that the Church should be free from political interference. Piper: Rejection of religious influence in politics. Secular, non-religious governance. The question about the City of God and The City of Man City of God: is formed by the love of God even to the contempt of self. Spiritual and eternal. The people in this city love God, and put him over every aspect of their life Seeks humility and obedience to God City of Man: Is formed by the love of self even to the contempt of God. They love themselves more than anything else, including God Defined by selfish and worldly desires. Temporary and fleshly They will be united in the judgment Where does evil come from? Why does it exist? Augstine says evil is just a lesser good. For example, choosing something that does less harm is less evil than choosing something worse. Likewise, Aquinas offers his view saying that evil is the perversion of good. Both say it’s the privation of good. Logic and Possible Worlds (~25%) True False Questions (around 10) All descriptions of God are essential properties. - False (He might reword this question) The laws of Logic, which are laws of truth, are a reflection of the Character of the being that is God - True A proposition may be false - True Know the three Laws of Logic Law of Identity - Each thing is identical with itself Law of noncontradictions - The same attribute cannot at the same time and in the same respect belong and not belong to the same subject. A cannot be both A and not-A at the same time Law of the excluded middle - For any proposition P, either P is true or not-P is true. Multiple Choice Questions Who defines Philosophy as thinking really hard about something? - Alvin Plantinga Four Questions: Identify whether it's formally valid or not formally valid according to Sentential logic? Note that an argument may follow the rules of sentential logic but fail as a good deductive argument. Or it may make a true statement that fails to follow the rules of sentential logic. Ex 1. Premise 1: All people like to read and run Premise 2: You are a person Conclusion: You like to read and run. Ex 2 (This is an example he gave of something that doesn’t follow logic). Premise 1: If you listen to the soundtrack of The Fellowship of the Ring, the first film of The Lord of the Rings series, then you are listening to Howard Shore. Premise 2: You listen to the soundtrack of The Return of the King, the third film of The Lord of the Rings series. Conclusion: You are listening to Howard Shore Sometimes a thing can be true but not follow sentential logic

What is the Categorical Imperative and who proposed it?

The Categorical Imperative is a central concept in Immanuel Kant's ethics that expresses a way to evaluate motivations for action.

Who is known as the Father of Empiricism?

Francis Bacon is known as the Father of Empiricism.

What does Epistemic Certainty entail and which philosopher is associated with it?

Epistemic Certainty refers to a state of being sure of knowledge, associated with Rene Descartes.

Who proposed the theory of divine illumination?

Augustine proposed the theory of divine illumination.

What are the four cardinal virtues?

Courage, justice, temperance, and prudence are the four cardinal virtues.

What does the statement 'The One' refer to in Plotinus' philosophy?

'The One' refers to the highest level of reality in Plotinus' philosophy, also known as The Good.

What is the significance of the 'City of God' according to Augustine?

The 'City of God' represents a spiritual and eternal community formed by the love of God.

What is the key argument of the Ontological argument?

The Ontological argument asserts that God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived.

Who wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?

Immanuel Kant wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'.

What is the main focus of Medieval Philosophy?

Medieval Philosophy primarily revolves around the synthesis of Christian theology and classical philosophy.

Which philosopher argued that philosophy and religion can present different truths without conflict?

Averröes argued that philosophy and religion can present different truths without conflict, proposing the double theory of truth.

What does the Law of Noncontradiction state?

The Law of Noncontradiction states that the same attribute cannot simultaneously belong and not belong to the same subject.

What phrase did Augustine use to describe Plato's ideal forms?

Augustine described Plato's ideal forms as 'divine ideas'.

What is John Locke famous for in modern philosophy?

John Locke is famous for his influence on empiricism and political philosophy, especially concerning liberty and government.

What is the relationship between faith and reason according to Thomas Aquinas?

Thomas Aquinas believed that faith and reason are distinct but complementary, promoting the common good through natural law.

Who critiqued Anselm's argument for God's existence with the concept of the greatest possible island?

Gaunilo critiqued Anselm's argument by proposing the concept of the greatest possible island.

What does the Law of Excluded Middle state?

The Law of Excluded Middle states that for any proposition P, either P is true or not-P is true.

Which philosopher is associated with the Theory of Emanation?

Plotinus is associated with the Theory of Emanation.

What did Aquinas assert about innate knowledge?

Thomas Aquinas denied the existence of innate knowledge and affirmed belief in tabula rasa.

What did Hume boil anthropology down to?

Hume boiled anthropology down to emotion.

What did Alvin Plantinga define as philosophy?

Alvin Plantinga defined philosophy as thinking really hard about something.

What is the relationship and view of evil proposed by Augustine?

Augustine proposed that evil is a lesser good, a privation of good, or a result of free will.