11. Exploration and conquest of the New World (explorations of the American continent, English colonization). From theocracy to religious freedom.

reasons for colonization:

1. Looking for an all-water route to Asia

2. sponsors were willing to pay for the voyages

3. the advancement of

   geographical knowledge, ships and seamanship

4. New technologies (sailing ships, maps, powerful weapons)

5. to spread of Christianity

6. The Reformation of the Protestant revolution - people left to seek religious freedom

7. The

   rise of nation states (needed land to expand)

Phrases of evolution

1. Beringian

2. Archaic

3. post-Archaic

Beringian

• Development of spear points and kill sites

• people started to hunt animals

Archaic

An agricultural revolution after Ice age

Post-Archaic

Complex growth and environmental adaptation

Leading European countries

ENGLAND, HOLLAND, FRANCE, SPAIN, PORTUGAL

Explorers:

• Lief Erikson

• John Cabot

• Giovanni di Verrazzano

• jacques Cartier

• Henry Hudson

Lief Erikson

• viking

• may visited Canada, called it Vinland

John Cabot

• italian but worked for ENg

• sponsored by Henry VII

• explored Nova Scotia and Newfoundland

• gave Eng. the basis for later claim of Northern America (canada)

Giovanni di Verrazzano

• explored Atlantic ocean between Florida and Bruhswoíck

Henry Hudson

• explored Hudson river valley

Spanish explorers

• Christopher Colombus

• Amerigo Vespucci

• Ponce de Leon

• Hernando de Soto

• Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

• Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

Christopher Columbus

• Was looking for a shortcut to Asia - India, but sailed to the Caribbean

• thought he was in India → called the island Los Indos

• Brought potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco from America

Amerigo Vespucci

• Helped to distinguish America as a new continent

• America was named after him

St. Augustine

• the oldest settlement in the US

• established by the Spanish

• The first European town in the present-day United States

Two types of eng. colonies

1. commercial

2. proprietary

commercial colony

created to make profit

proprietary

given to groups/individuals as rewards from King

english colonies

• roanoke island (virginia)

• jamestown

• plymouth

• massechusets bay

• pensilvania

• new york

• maryland

• rhode island

• georga

roanoke island

• 1587

• Established by Sir Walter Raleigh

• named after childless Queen Elizabeth I.,

lost colony

roanoke island

jamestown

The first successful English colony

Starving Time

1609 - 1610

Pilgrims wanted:

religious autonomy

Puritans wanted:

purify the church

Mayflower Compact (

• Mayflower Compact (the first governing document of Plymouth Colony

• set of certain rules

Plymouth

the colony became a part

of Massachusetts

Thanksgiving

• october 1621

• natives showed colonizers how to plant crop. then they taught them how to harvest, fish, …

• celebration of succesful harvesting

Massachusetts Bay

founded by Puritans and John Winthrop

Massachusetts Bay

• God’s chosen people

• No religious tolerance

• Plain houses and clothes - simple as their lifestyle

• Started to establish primary and secondary schools, later also universities - Boston and Harvard University → literacy was necessary for reading of the Bible

Strict Puritan rules

• Took the Bible literally

• Believed that the God was present everywhere

• Pleasure was prohibited - smoking, alcohol, coffee, dancing, singing

• Drama was considered sinful

• Sex only to reproduce

Rhode Island

established by Anne hutchinson and Roger williams → Banned from Massachusetts as exiles and religious heretics for their actions and belief in religious tolerance

Rhode Island wanted

• separation of Church and State

• women to have rights,

• to give payment for the taking of Indian lands,

Rhode Island

More liberal than other colonies

1652

Rhode Island passed the first law in North America outlawing slavery

new york

1626, the Dutch obtained Manhattan from Indians for 24 dollars and named it New Amsterdam

Maryland named after

the Virgin Mary

Maryland was

• The first proprietary colony

• Lord Baltimore8

Pennsylvania

• founded by Quakers

• For some fifty years the settlers and the Indians lived side by side in peace.

Georgia

established as a convict colony