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Ethics: The study of morality and the difference between right and wrong. Epistemology: The study and theory of knowledge. Metaphysics: The purpose of why things exist. What must be fulfilled? Why do we exist? Pre-Socrates: The very first thinkers in Western philosophy, active in ancient Greece during the 6th and 5th centuries BCE. They are called "Pre-Socratic" because they lived and wrote before Socrates. Thales: Water was the fundamental substance for all life. Anaximander: First to make a map Pythagoras: The father of mathematics Heraclitus: Fundamental substance was fire. He believed everything changes. Permenides: Believed everything did not change. Socrates Plato (Forms) Aristotle (The Observer) Came up with the cave theory. The Physical Realm: The world we see and touch. Everything here is temporary, constantly changing, and flawed. The Realm of Forms: An invisible, unchanging world where the perfect, ideal versions of everything exist. Women possess the same mental capacities as men and should be allowed to rule, he also consistently referred to women as the "weaker" sex. (The soul has no gender) Head/Reasoning: This is the seat of reason, logic, and intellect. It seeks the ultimate truth, makes calculated decisions, and distinguishes between what is real and what is an illusion. The Chest/Spirit: this is the seat of emotion, courage, pride, and willpower. It is the part of you that gets angry at injustice, drives you to overcome challenges, and seeks honor or social recognition. The Abdomen/Appetite: This is the seat of basic physical desires and instincts. It drives cravings for food, drink, sex, wealth, and material comforts. It is purely driven by pleasure and lacks any logical restraint. Hylomorphism (the theory that everything is a mix of matter and form). 1. Material cause, or the elements out of which an object is created; 2. Efficient cause, or the means by which it is created; 3. Formal cause, or the expression of what it is; 4. Final cause, or the end for which it is. He argued that knowledge must come from sensory experience and careful observation, not just pure meditation. Rationalism vs Empiricism (How do we know things) Rationalism (Plato) Empiricism The intellect, logic, and deductive reasoning. Rationalists believe humans are born with "innate ideas"—built-in concepts, truths, or structures inside the mind that we don't need to learn from the outside world (e.g., mathematical truths, the concept of God, or basic laws of logic). Empiricists argue that the ultimate source of all knowledge is sensory experience—what we can see, hear, touch, taste, and smell. They believe that if you cannot observe or measure something, you cannot truly know it. Logic for reasoning Deductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement, theory, or universal rule and narrows it down to a specific conclusion. If your initial rules are true, your conclusion must be true.🔺 Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations or data points and broadens them out to form a general rule or theory. 🔻 Fallicies Ad Hominem: Attacking the opponent’s character, looks, or personality instead of their argument. Straw Man: Misrepresenting, exaggerating, or oversimplifying an opponent’s argument to make it easier to attack. Bandwagon Appeal (Ad Populum): Arguing that something must be true, right, or good simply because a large number of people believe it. Non Sequitur: (A statement that does not logically follow from what preceded it; a conclusion that does not follow from the premises.): “Person ‘A’ is incredibly athletic. Her siblings must be very athletic as well.” Appeal to tradition: If it's a tradition, then it must be true. Appeal to popularity: When someone argues that a claim must be true, right, or good simply because a large number of people believe it or do it. Groupthink is when a group of people makes really bad decisions because everyone cares more about fitting in and keeping the peace than finding the actual truth. Instead of thinking for themselves, people just go along with what the group leader or the majority says. Consequentialism says that an action is good if it brings about a good result. The action itself isn't good or bad; you have to wait and see how it turns out. "The ends justify the means." Non-Consequentialism (also called Deontology) says that some actions are just inherently right or wrong, no matter what the outcome is. You have a duty to follow moral rules. Carl Rogers defined a fully functioning person as someone who is completely in touch with their true desires and feelings, and is actively working to reach their full potential

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STRING MANIPULATION

: What is the common name for the clavicle?
A: Collarbone Q: What is the common name for the scapula?
A: Shoulder blade Q: What bone is located in the upper arm?
A: Humerus Q: Which forearm bone is lateral (thumb side)?
A: Radius Q: Which forearm bone is medial (pinky side)?
A: Ulna Q: What structure forms the point of the elbow?
A: Olecranon process of the ulna Q: What fossa does the olecranon process fit into?
A: Olecranon fossa Carpal Bones Q: How many carpal bones are there?
A: 8 Q: Name the proximal row of carpal bones.
A: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform Q: Name the distal row of carpal bones.
A: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate Q: What mnemonic helps remember the carpal bones?
A: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle Hand Bones Q: What are the hand bones called?
A: Metacarpals Q: What are the three parts of a metacarpal?
A: Base, Shaft, Head Q: How many phalanges does the thumb have?
A: 2 (Proximal and Distal) Q: How many phalanges do the other fingers have?
A: 3 (Proximal, Middle, Distal) Pelvis & Lower Extremity Q: What is the superior portion of the pelvis?
A: Ilium Q: What is the anterior pelvic bone?
A: Pubis Q: What is the posterior-inferior pelvic bone?
A: Ischium Q: What is the large opening in the pelvis called?
A: Obturator foramen Q: What is the thigh bone?
A: Femur Q: What is the medial lower leg bone?
A: Tibia Q: What is the lateral lower leg bone?
A: Fibula Q: What is the distal tibia called?
A: Medial malleolus Q: What is the distal fibula called?
A: Lateral malleolus Q: What ankle bone articulates with both malleoli?
A: Talus Q: What is the heel bone called?
A: Calcaneus Anatomy Terms Q: What is osteology?
A: Study of bones Q: What is arthrology?
A: Study of joints Q: What is kinesiology?
A: Study of body movement Q: What is another name for a joint?
A: Articulation Joints Q: What is a synarthrosis?
A: Nonmovable joint Q: Give an example of a synarthrosis.
A: Skull suture Q: What type of joint is a tooth?
A: Gomphosis Q: What is an amphiarthrosis?
A: Slightly movable joint Q: Give an example of an amphiarthrosis.
A: Pubic symphysis Q: What is a diarthrosis?
A: Freely movable joint Q: What fluid is found inside synovial joints?
A: Synovial fluid Q: What type of joint is the shoulder?
A: Ball-and-socket Q: What type of joint is the hip?
A: Ball-and-socket Q: What type of joint is the elbow?
A: Hinge joint Q: What type of joint is the knee?
A: Hinge joint Q: What type of joint is the wrist?
A: Condyloid joint Q: What type of joint is the thumb?
A: Saddle joint Q: What type of joint is found between tarsal bones?
A: Gliding joint Ligaments Q: What ligament stabilizes the medial side of the elbow?
A: Ulnar collateral ligament Q: What ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow?
A: Radial collateral ligament Q: What does ACL stand for?
A: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Q: What does PCL stand for?
A: Posterior Cruciate Ligament Muscle Tissue Q: What is the muscle cell membrane called?
A: Sarcolemma Q: What is the muscle cell cytoplasm called?
A: Sarcoplasm Q: What are the contractile organelles called?
A: Myofibrils Q: What is the functional unit of muscle contraction?
A: Sarcomere Q: What is the thick filament?
A: Myosin Q: What is the thin filament?
A: Actin Q: What regulatory proteins control contraction?
A: Troponin and Tropomyosin Connective Tissue Coverings Q: What surrounds an individual muscle fiber?
A: Endomysium Q: What surrounds a fascicle?
A: Perimysium Q: What surrounds the entire muscle?
A: Epimysium Q: What surrounds groups of muscles?
A: Fascia Facial Muscles Q: What muscle closes the eye?
A: Orbicularis oculi Q: What muscle opens the eye?
A: Levator palpebrae superioris Q: What muscle wrinkles the nose?
A: Nasalis Q: What muscle closes the lips?
A: Orbicularis oris Q: What muscle is known as the "kissing muscle"?
A: Buccinator Q: What muscle causes smiling?
A: Zygomaticus major and minor Q: What muscle causes pouting?
A: Mentalis Muscle Actions Q: What are muscles that work together called?
A: Synergists Q: What are muscles that oppose each other called?
A: Antagonists Q: What are muscles that stabilize joints called?
A: Fixators (Stabilizers) Q: What is the main muscle performing an action called?
A: Prime mover Q: Where does a muscle begin?
A: Origin Q: Where does a muscle attach?
A: Insertion Q: What is the thick middle portion of a muscle?
A: Belly Mastication (Chewing) Muscles Q: What mnemonic helps remember the muscles of mastication?
A: TIME Q: What does T stand for in TIME?
A: Temporalis Q: What does M stand for in TIME?
A: Masseter Q: What does I stand for in TIME?
A: Internal (Medial) Pterygoid Q: What does E stand for in TIME?
A: External (Lateral) Pterygoid Tongue Muscles Q: What muscle sticks the tongue out?
A: Genioglossus Q: What muscle pulls the tongue in?
A: Styloglossus Q: What muscle elevates the tongue?
A: Palatoglossus Q: What muscle depresses the tongue?
A: Hyoglossus Rotator Cuff Q: What mnemonic helps remember the rotator cuff muscles?
A: SITS Q: What does S stand for?
A: Supraspinatus Q: What does I stand for?
A: Infraspinatus Q: What does T stand for?
A: Teres Minor Q: What does the second S stand for?
A: Subscapularis Q: Which rotator cuff muscle initiates abduction?
A: Supraspinatus Lower Limb Muscles Q: What muscle extends the thigh at the hip?
A: Gluteus maximus Q: What muscles flex the thigh at the hip?
A: Iliacus and Psoas muscles Q: What muscles abduct the thigh?
A: Tensor fasciae latae, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus Q: What muscles adduct the thigh?
A: Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus Quadriceps Q: What is the function of the quadriceps?
A: Extend the knee Q: Name the four quadriceps muscles.
A: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis Hamstrings Q: What is the function of the hamstrings?
A: Flex the knee Q: Name the hamstring muscles.
A: Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus Lower Leg Q: What muscle dorsiflexes the foot?
A: Tibialis anterior Q: What muscles plantar flex the foot?
A: Gastrocnemius and Soleus Q: What tendon is formed by gastrocnemius and soleus?
A: Achilles (Calcaneal) tendon Trunk & Breathing Q: What muscle flexes the trunk?
A: Rectus abdominis Q: What muscle extends the trunk?
A: Quadratus lumborum Q: What is the primary muscle of breathing?
A: Diaphragm Q: What muscles help with inhalation?
A: External intercostals Q: What muscles help with exhalation?
A: Internal intercostals Muscle Fiber Types Q: Which muscle fibers are best for posture?
A: Slow-twitch fibers Q: Which muscle fibers resist fatigue?
A: Slow-twitch fibers Q: Which muscle fibers are best for sprinting?
A: Fast-twitch A fibers Q: Which muscle fibers contract the fastest?
A: Fast-twitch B fibers Blood Q: What is the study of blood called?
A: Hematology Q: What is the normal blood pH?
A: 7.35–7.45 Q: What percentage of blood is plasma?
A: 55% Q: What percentage of blood is formed elements?
A: 45% Q: What are red blood cells called?
A: Erythrocytes Q: What is the function of red blood cells?
A: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Q: How long do red blood cells live?
A: 120 days Q: What are white blood cells called?
A: Leukocytes Q: What is the function of white blood cells?
A: Fight infection Q: What are platelets also called?
A: Thrombocytes Q: What is the function of platelets?
A: Blood clotting Q: How long do platelets live?
A: 5–9 days Blood Clotting Q: What is hemostasis?
A: Stoppage of blood loss Q: What is a thrombus?
A: A blood clot Q: What is thrombosis?
A: Formation of a clot in an unbroken vessel Q: What is an embolus?
A: A traveling clot Q: What is an embolism?
A: Blockage caused by an embolus Blood Types Q: What antigens are found on Type A blood?
A: A antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type A blood?
A: Anti-B antibodies Q: What antigens are found on Type B blood?
A: B antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type B blood?
A: Anti-A antibodies Q: What antigens are found on Type AB blood?
A: A and B antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type AB blood?
A: None Q: What antigens are found on Type O blood?
A: None Q: What antibodies are found in Type O blood?
A: Anti-A and Anti-B Q: What is the universal donor?
A: O Negative Q: What is the universal receiver?
A: AB Positive Last-Minute Memorization Set Q: Radius = ?
A: Thumb side Q: Ulna = ?
A: Pinky side Q: Heel bone = ?
A: Calcaneus Q: Study of bones = ?
A: Osteology Q: Study of joints = ?
A: Arthrology Q: Study of movement = ?
A: Kinesiology Q: Rotator cuff mnemonic = ?
A: SITS Q: Chewing muscles mnemonic = ?
A: TIME Q: Universal donor = ?
A: O- Q: Universal receiver = ?
A: AB+ Q: Blood pH = ?
A: 7.35–7.45 Q: RBC lifespan = ?
A: 120 days Q: Platelet lifespan = ?
A: 5–9 days Q: Main breathing muscle = ?
A: Diaphragm Q: Knee extensors = ?
A: Quadriceps Q: Knee flexors = ?
A: Hamstrings

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